{ "title": "KPI observatory: key performance indicators for quantum technologies in Europe", "attribution": "Quantum Flagship Strategic Advisory Board, KPI booklet March 2025", "source": { "title": "Key Performance Indicators for Quantum Technologies in Europe", "publisher": "Quantum Flagship Strategic Advisory Board", "date": "2025-03", "url": "https://qt.eu/media/pdf/KPI_booklet_2025.pdf", "retrieved": "2026-10-23", "attribution": "Quantum Flagship Strategic Advisory Board, KPI booklet March 2025", "licence": "not-stated", "licence_note": "No reuse licence in the PDF or on qt.eu; the values are quoted as facts with attribution and the booklet is linked, not copied.", "measurement": "The 2024 values were measured in early 2025 through surveys of SAB, QCB, QuIC and QUCATS members and verified and validated by the SAB (booklet page 2).", "health_scale": [ "Ahead of schedule", "On schedule", "Needs progress", "Behind schedule" ], "health_scale_note": "The booklet marks each indicator with one of these four colours (page 4). The colours are not reproduced here; the booklet itself shows them.", "targets_note": "Some 2030 targets are still under discussion and shown as n/a; the targets of Communication 2b, Computing 2 and Simulation 3 and 4 are under review (booklet pages 3 and 20)." }, "generated": "2026-11-03", "measures_assembled": "2026-11-02", "notice": "Official values are the survey results of the Quantum Flagship Strategic Advisory Board, as published. Trajectories and live measures are calculations of the Quantum Europe portal: proxies that never replace the official values, and not the SAB health assessment.", "official": [ { "id": "eco-1", "number": "Eco 1", "area": "ecosystem", "name": "Investment", "definition_summary": "Money put into European quantum technology through venture capital for EU start-ups, seed funding from EU incubators and accelerators, and EU public investment in public-private ventures.", "unit": "M€", "values_as_published": { "2021": "344 M€", "2022": "408 M€", "2023": "551 M€", "2024": "344 M€" }, "progression_per_year_as_published": "+90 M€", "target_2030_as_published": "1000 M€", "target_under_review": false, "method_as_stated": "Figures from the European Commission (booklet reference Ecosystem 1).", "remarks": [ "The 2024 value comes from a new, more reliable method; the booklet attributes the fall to fewer new projects late in Horizon Europe, not to the method change." ], "footnotes": [], "booklet_page": 6, "booklet_url": "https://qt.eu/media/pdf/KPI_booklet_2025.pdf#page=6" }, { "id": "eco-2", "number": "Eco 2", "area": "ecosystem", "name": "Lab-to-market", "definition_summary": "Quantum start-ups, spin-offs, incubators, accelerators and public-private joint ventures in Europe, across all pillars, including established companies entering the field.", "unit": "organisations", "values_as_published": { "2021": "79", "2022": "95", "2023": "99", "2024": "101" }, "progression_per_year_as_published": "+20", "target_2030_as_published": "250", "target_under_review": false, "method_as_stated": "Counted as the small and medium-sized enterprises that are members of QuIC (booklet reference Ecosystem 2).", "remarks": [ "Measured as SME members of the European Quantum Industry Consortium (QuIC), not as every European quantum company." ], "footnotes": [], "booklet_page": 6, "booklet_url": "https://qt.eu/media/pdf/KPI_booklet_2025.pdf#page=6" }, { "id": "eco-3", "number": "Eco 3", "area": "ecosystem", "name": "Lab-to-fab infrastructure and value chains", "definition_summary": "EU research institutions offering open application labs, testbeds or production cleanrooms with testing, prototyping and calibration services that European SMEs can use, from TRL 2 to 6.", "unit": "facilities", "values_as_published": { "2021": "1", "2022": "9", "2023": "22", "2024": "30" }, "progression_per_year_as_published": "x1.6", "target_2030_as_published": "60", "target_under_review": false, "method_as_stated": "Open online KPI survey; the booklet lists the 30 facilities counted for 2024 (reference Ecosystem 3).", "remarks": [], "footnotes": [], "booklet_page": 7, "booklet_url": "https://qt.eu/media/pdf/KPI_booklet_2025.pdf#page=7" }, { "id": "eco-4", "number": "Eco 4", "area": "ecosystem", "name": "Job creation", "definition_summary": "Jobs in quantum technologies.", "unit": "jobs", "values_as_published": { "2021": "n/a", "2022": "n/a", "2023": "3850", "2024": "5777" }, "progression_per_year_as_published": "+15%", "target_2030_as_published": "10000", "target_under_review": false, "method_as_stated": "Survey conducted by QuIC; the 2030 target follows the expected growth in the number of companies (booklet reference Ecosystem 4).", "remarks": [ "The 2024 value may be too low because some companies are missing.", "Jobs in academia are not counted." ], "footnotes": [], "booklet_page": 7, "booklet_url": "https://qt.eu/media/pdf/KPI_booklet_2025.pdf#page=7" }, { "id": "eco-5", "number": "Eco 5", "area": "ecosystem", "name": "Patent creation and IP retention", "definition_summary": "European quantum patents granted compared with the worldwide distribution of granted quantum patents.", "unit": "global rank", "values_as_published": { "2021": "n/a", "2022": "n/a", "2023": "Top 2 globally", "2024": "Top 2 globally" }, "progression_per_year_as_published": "-", "target_2030_as_published": "Top 2 globally", "target_under_review": false, "method_as_stated": "QuIC study of the global patent landscape in quantum technologies (January 2025), section 2: the EU holds 17% of international patent families by country of origin, the USA 49% (booklet reference Ecosystem 5).", "remarks": [ "A relative rank in international patent families by country of origin, not a count." ], "footnotes": [], "booklet_page": 7, "booklet_url": "https://qt.eu/media/pdf/KPI_booklet_2025.pdf#page=7" }, { "id": "eco-6", "number": "Eco 6", "area": "ecosystem", "name": "Supply chain and strategic autonomy", "definition_summary": "Strategically important quantum technology components once imported into the EU and now produced in the EU.", "unit": "components", "values_as_published": { "2021": "0", "2022": "35", "2023": "44", "2024": "48" }, "progression_per_year_as_published": "+3", "target_2030_as_published": "60", "target_under_review": false, "method_as_stated": "Open online KPI survey (booklet reference Ecosystem 6).", "remarks": [ "The 2021 value is zero by definition; later values count the progress made since 2021." ], "footnotes": [], "booklet_page": 8, "booklet_url": "https://qt.eu/media/pdf/KPI_booklet_2025.pdf#page=8" }, { "id": "comm-1", "number": "Comm 1", "area": "communication", "name": "Performance", "definition_summary": "Complementary subsystems that advance the state of the art and are needed for quantum communication networks for security or quantum internet applications.", "unit": "subsystems", "values_as_published": { "2021": "2", "2022": "5", "2023": "11", "2024": "12" }, "progression_per_year_as_published": "x1.2", "target_2030_as_published": "20", "target_under_review": false, "method_as_stated": "Consensus of the open online KPI survey for the 2024 value (booklet reference Communication 1).", "remarks": [], "footnotes": [], "booklet_page": 9, "booklet_url": "https://qt.eu/media/pdf/KPI_booklet_2025.pdf#page=9" }, { "id": "comm-2a", "number": "Comm 2a", "area": "communication", "name": "European technical leadership: quantum information networks", "definition_summary": "Physical distance over which entanglement is generated, or a data qubit teleported, between quantum processing nodes, with its fidelity and rate; entanglement must be heralded.", "unit": "km", "values_as_published": { "2021": "1.3 km", "2022": "1.3* km", "2023": "1.3* km", "2024": "10** km" }, "progression_per_year_as_published": "x2", "target_2030_as_published": "500 km", "target_under_review": false, "method_as_stated": "Published experiment: Stolk et al., Metropolitan-scale heralded entanglement of solid-state qubits, Science Advances 10(44) (booklet reference Communication 2).", "remarks": [ "*: 33 km of fibre on a spool between two buildings 400 m apart.", "**: over 25 km of deployed fibre, with a fidelity of 0.534 and a maximum key rate of 0.48 Hz." ], "footnotes": [ "Scorecard note b: distance for heralded entanglement generation between quantum processing nodes." ], "booklet_page": 9, "booklet_url": "https://qt.eu/media/pdf/KPI_booklet_2025.pdf#page=9" }, { "id": "comm-2b", "number": "Comm 2b", "area": "communication", "name": "European technical leadership: quantum secure networks", "definition_summary": "Physical distance and key rate of prepare-and-measure quantum key exchange, and the number of new protocols realised beyond prepare-and-measure QKD.", "unit": "km at a key rate; protocols", "values_as_published": { "2021": "-", "2022": "-", "2023": "248 km @1.4 bits/s***; 1 new realized protocol (BBM92)", "2024": "248 km @1.4 bits/s***; 1 new realized protocol (BBM92)" }, "progression_per_year_as_published": "-", "target_2030_as_published": "n/a", "target_under_review": true, "method_as_stated": "Published result with an entanglement-based protocol (BBM92) (booklet reference Communication 2).", "remarks": [ "***: achieved with an entanglement-based protocol (BBM92)." ], "footnotes": [ "Scorecard note c: achieved with an entanglement-based protocol (BBM92).", "The 2030 target is under review (booklet notes, page 20)." ], "booklet_page": 9, "booklet_url": "https://qt.eu/media/pdf/KPI_booklet_2025.pdf#page=9" }, { "id": "comm-3", "number": "Comm 3", "area": "communication", "name": "Deployment", "definition_summary": "European metropolitan areas, and their nodes, connected by QKD integrated in commercial telecom infrastructure, over terrestrial or satellite links with a secure key rate of at least 100 bit/s.", "unit": "metropolitan areas; nodes", "values_as_published": { "2021": "1 metropolitan area; 8 nodes", "2022": "15 metropolitan areas; 10 nodes", "2023": "16 metropolitan areas; 10 nodes", "2024": "20 metropolitan areas; 10 nodes" }, "progression_per_year_as_published": "x1.5 (metropolitan areas); x1.3 (nodes)", "target_2030_as_published": "25 metropolitan areas; 75 nodes", "target_under_review": false, "method_as_stated": "Consensus of the survey for the 2022 value; the booklet lists the connected metropolitan areas (reference Communication 3).", "remarks": [ "The scorecard gives the maximum number of nodes per area in brackets." ], "footnotes": [], "booklet_page": 10, "booklet_url": "https://qt.eu/media/pdf/KPI_booklet_2025.pdf#page=10" }, { "id": "comm-4", "number": "Comm 4", "area": "communication", "name": "Adoption", "definition_summary": "Quantum communication services or use cases that enable commercial adoption in the public and private sectors.", "unit": "services or use cases", "values_as_published": { "2021": "5", "2022": "9", "2023": "10", "2024": "10" }, "progression_per_year_as_published": "+2.7", "target_2030_as_published": "30", "target_under_review": false, "method_as_stated": "Providers named in the booklet (reference Communication 4), several of them partners of the OpenQKD project.", "remarks": [], "footnotes": [], "booklet_page": 10, "booklet_url": "https://qt.eu/media/pdf/KPI_booklet_2025.pdf#page=10" }, { "id": "comp-1", "number": "Comp 1", "area": "computing", "name": "Performance", "definition_summary": "Distinct European quantum computing hardware stacks or services that show quantum advantage, beating a non-quantum system on the same problem in a purpose-made benchmark.", "unit": "systems with quantum advantage", "values_as_published": { "2021": "0", "2022": "0", "2023": "0", "2024": "0" }, "progression_per_year_as_published": "-", "target_2030_as_published": "3", "target_under_review": false, "method_as_stated": "Consensus of the survey (booklet reference Computing 1).", "remarks": [], "footnotes": [], "booklet_page": 11, "booklet_url": "https://qt.eu/media/pdf/KPI_booklet_2025.pdf#page=11" }, { "id": "comp-2a", "number": "Comp 2a", "area": "computing", "name": "European technical leadership: circuit size", "definition_summary": "Largest quantum computing capacity of an EU computing system on a European or widely adopted global benchmark: the largest random N-qubit Clifford unitary that can be run reliably.", "unit": "qubits", "values_as_published": { "2021": "-", "2022": "-", "2023": "20", "2024": "20" }, "progression_per_year_as_published": "-", "target_2030_as_published": "n/a*", "target_under_review": true, "method_as_stated": "Published benchmarks named in the booklet (reference Computing 2).", "remarks": [], "footnotes": [ "Booklet note f (page 11; scorecard note d): a benchmarking method for these indicators was proposed in 2024 and their values were not ready when the booklet was published.", "These indicators were recently defined; the 2030 target is under review (booklet notes, page 20)." ], "booklet_page": 11, "booklet_url": "https://qt.eu/media/pdf/KPI_booklet_2025.pdf#page=11" }, { "id": "comp-2b", "number": "Comp 2b", "area": "computing", "name": "European technical leadership: entanglement", "definition_summary": "Largest quantum computing capacity of an EU computing system on a European or widely adopted global benchmark: the largest GHZ state prepared and verified on a quantum computer.", "unit": "qubits", "values_as_published": { "2021": "-", "2022": "-", "2023": "24", "2024": "24" }, "progression_per_year_as_published": "-", "target_2030_as_published": "n/a*", "target_under_review": true, "method_as_stated": "Published benchmarks named in the booklet (reference Computing 2).", "remarks": [], "footnotes": [ "Booklet note f (page 11; scorecard note d): a benchmarking method for these indicators was proposed in 2024 and their values were not ready when the booklet was published.", "These indicators were recently defined; the 2030 target is under review (booklet notes, page 20)." ], "booklet_page": 11, "booklet_url": "https://qt.eu/media/pdf/KPI_booklet_2025.pdf#page=11" }, { "id": "comp-2c", "number": "Comp 2c", "area": "computing", "name": "European technical leadership: factoring", "definition_summary": "Largest quantum computing capacity of an EU computing system on a European or widely adopted global benchmark: the largest reliable instance of Shor's algorithm.", "unit": "number factored", "values_as_published": { "2021": "-", "2022": "-", "2023": "15", "2024": "15" }, "progression_per_year_as_published": "-", "target_2030_as_published": "n/a*", "target_under_review": true, "method_as_stated": "Published benchmarks named in the booklet (reference Computing 2).", "remarks": [], "footnotes": [ "Booklet note f (page 11; scorecard note d): a benchmarking method for these indicators was proposed in 2024 and their values were not ready when the booklet was published.", "These indicators were recently defined; the 2030 target is under review (booklet notes, page 20)." ], "booklet_page": 11, "booklet_url": "https://qt.eu/media/pdf/KPI_booklet_2025.pdf#page=11" }, { "id": "comp-2d", "number": "Comp 2d", "area": "computing", "name": "European technical leadership: error correction", "definition_summary": "Largest quantum computing capacity of an EU computing system on a European or widely adopted global benchmark: the relative reduction of the memory error rate.", "unit": "relative error reduction", "values_as_published": { "2021": "-", "2022": "-", "2023": "-", "2024": "-" }, "progression_per_year_as_published": "-", "target_2030_as_published": "n/a*", "target_under_review": true, "method_as_stated": "Published benchmarks named in the booklet (reference Computing 2).", "remarks": [], "footnotes": [ "Booklet note f (page 11; scorecard note d): a benchmarking method for these indicators was proposed in 2024 and their values were not ready when the booklet was published.", "These indicators were recently defined; the 2030 target is under review (booklet notes, page 20)." ], "booklet_page": 11, "booklet_url": "https://qt.eu/media/pdf/KPI_booklet_2025.pdf#page=11" }, { "id": "comp-3", "number": "Comp 3", "area": "computing", "name": "European impact leadership", "definition_summary": "Quantum algorithms and use cases with a clear impact orientation in basic and applied science, industry and the public sector, in line with the UN and EU 2030 goals.", "unit": "use cases", "values_as_published": { "2021": "70", "2022": "70", "2023": "97", "2024": "102" }, "progression_per_year_as_published": "x1.3", "target_2030_as_published": "500", "target_under_review": false, "method_as_stated": "QuIC database of computing and simulation use cases (booklet reference Computing 3).", "remarks": [ "Data from the QuIC use-case database." ], "footnotes": [], "booklet_page": 12, "booklet_url": "https://qt.eu/media/pdf/KPI_booklet_2025.pdf#page=12" }, { "id": "comp-4a", "number": "Comp 4a", "area": "computing", "name": "Accessibility: facilities", "definition_summary": "Entities giving institutions, academia, research centres and companies public or private access to fully European quantum computing facilities, also on a fully European stack.", "unit": "entities", "values_as_published": { "2021": "0", "2022": "4", "2023": "6", "2024": "9" }, "progression_per_year_as_published": "-", "target_2030_as_published": "10", "target_under_review": false, "method_as_stated": "Consensus of the KPI survey; the booklet names the access providers (reference Computing 4).", "remarks": [], "footnotes": [], "booklet_page": 12, "booklet_url": "https://qt.eu/media/pdf/KPI_booklet_2025.pdf#page=12" }, { "id": "comp-4b", "number": "Comp 4b", "area": "computing", "name": "Accessibility: HPC/QCS network", "definition_summary": "Access through the HPC and quantum computing network, following the Digital Decade indicator: operational quantum computers or simulators, including as accelerators of HPC supercomputers, deployed and accessible to user communities.", "unit": "computers or simulators", "values_as_published": { "2021": "0", "2022": "0", "2023": "0", "2024": "2" }, "progression_per_year_as_published": "-", "target_2030_as_published": "5", "target_under_review": false, "method_as_stated": "Consensus of the KPI survey; for 2024 the booklet names AQT with LRZ, and Forschungszentrum Jülich (reference Computing 4).", "remarks": [], "footnotes": [], "booklet_page": 12, "booklet_url": "https://qt.eu/media/pdf/KPI_booklet_2025.pdf#page=12" }, { "id": "sim-1", "number": "Sim 1", "area": "simulation", "name": "Performance", "definition_summary": "Distinct EU quantum simulators (services) that beat the best known algorithm on the best classical computer on at least one relevant real-life problem.", "unit": "simulators", "values_as_published": { "2021": "0", "2022": "0", "2023": "0", "2024": "0" }, "progression_per_year_as_published": "+1.5", "target_2030_as_published": "8", "target_under_review": false, "method_as_stated": "Booklet reference Simulation 1.", "remarks": [ "Current examples work only in principle; no real-life problem has been solved yet." ], "footnotes": [], "booklet_page": 13, "booklet_url": "https://qt.eu/media/pdf/KPI_booklet_2025.pdf#page=13" }, { "id": "sim-2", "number": "Sim 2", "area": "simulation", "name": "Increase market adoption: applications", "definition_summary": "New industrial or societal real-life applications (products and services) introduced by EU companies on the basis of any quantum simulation.", "unit": "applications", "values_as_published": { "2021": "0", "2022": "0", "2023": "0", "2024": "0" }, "progression_per_year_as_published": "+ 1 by 2026; +3/year thereafter", "target_2030_as_published": "12", "target_under_review": false, "method_as_stated": "Consensus of the KPI survey (booklet reference Simulation 2).", "remarks": [], "footnotes": [], "booklet_page": 13, "booklet_url": "https://qt.eu/media/pdf/KPI_booklet_2025.pdf#page=13" }, { "id": "sim-3", "number": "Sim 3", "area": "simulation", "name": "Performance: available simulators", "definition_summary": "Available EU quantum simulators (QPUs) giving results that available classical computers cannot obtain, on any problem whose solution clearly benefits academia or industry.", "unit": "simulators", "values_as_published": { "2021": "-", "2022": "-", "2023": "-", "2024": "4" }, "progression_per_year_as_published": "-", "target_2030_as_published": "n/a*", "target_under_review": true, "method_as_stated": "Publications named in the booklet (reference Simulation 3).", "remarks": [], "footnotes": [ "These indicators were recently defined; the 2030 target is under review (booklet notes, page 20)." ], "booklet_page": 14, "booklet_url": "https://qt.eu/media/pdf/KPI_booklet_2025.pdf#page=14" }, { "id": "sim-4", "number": "Sim 4", "area": "simulation", "name": "Increase market adoption: use cases", "definition_summary": "Use cases relevant to industry or society realised on EU quantum simulators; use cases without quantum advantage yet count when there are clear arguments for advantage at scale.", "unit": "use cases", "values_as_published": { "2021": "-", "2022": "-", "2023": "-", "2024": "1" }, "progression_per_year_as_published": "-", "target_2030_as_published": "n/a*", "target_under_review": true, "method_as_stated": "Publication named in the booklet (reference Simulation 4).", "remarks": [], "footnotes": [ "These indicators were recently defined; the 2030 target is under review (booklet notes, page 20)." ], "booklet_page": 14, "booklet_url": "https://qt.eu/media/pdf/KPI_booklet_2025.pdf#page=14" }, { "id": "sim-5", "number": "Sim 5", "area": "simulation", "name": "European technical leadership", "definition_summary": "Qubits or simulated particles of the most advanced non-gate-based quantum simulator in the EU27.", "unit": "qubits or particles", "values_as_published": { "2021": "-", "2022": "100", "2023": "100", "2024": "100" }, "progression_per_year_as_published": "x1.9", "target_2030_as_published": "5000", "target_under_review": false, "method_as_stated": "PASQAL and MPQ-LMU Munich for the 2022, 2023 and 2024 values (booklet reference Simulation 5).", "remarks": [], "footnotes": [ "Scorecard note e: qubits of the most advanced quantum simulator in the EU27." ], "booklet_page": 14, "booklet_url": "https://qt.eu/media/pdf/KPI_booklet_2025.pdf#page=14" }, { "id": "sens-1", "number": "Sens 1", "area": "sensing", "name": "Market readiness", "definition_summary": "Publicly known product, service or use-case classes based on quantum sensors that European companies develop, implement and sell, or that are deployed in the EU.", "unit": "product or service classes", "values_as_published": { "2021": "3", "2022": "5", "2023": "6", "2024": "8" }, "progression_per_year_as_published": "+2", "target_2030_as_published": "20", "target_under_review": false, "method_as_stated": "Product classes named in the booklet (reference Sensing and Metrology 1).", "remarks": [], "footnotes": [], "booklet_page": 15, "booklet_url": "https://qt.eu/media/pdf/KPI_booklet_2025.pdf#page=15" }, { "id": "sens-2", "number": "Sens 2", "area": "sensing", "name": "Next-generation technologies", "definition_summary": "Demonstrated sensing technologies that exploit advanced quantum effects such as entanglement or collective coherence.", "unit": "technologies", "values_as_published": { "2021": "0", "2022": "2", "2023": "5", "2024": "6" }, "progression_per_year_as_published": "+0.7", "target_2030_as_published": "7", "target_under_review": false, "method_as_stated": "Consensus of the survey; the booklet names the technologies (reference Sensing and Metrology 2).", "remarks": [], "footnotes": [], "booklet_page": 15, "booklet_url": "https://qt.eu/media/pdf/KPI_booklet_2025.pdf#page=15" }, { "id": "edu-1", "number": "Edu 1", "area": "education", "name": "Outreach", "definition_summary": "Outreach and training events promoted on the Quantum Flagship website, following the criteria of the Flagship coordination and support action, to raise awareness of quantum technologies.", "unit": "events", "values_as_published": { "2021": "7", "2022": "33", "2023": "38", "2024": "122" }, "progression_per_year_as_published": "+10", "target_2030_as_published": "100", "target_under_review": false, "method_as_stated": "QTEdu events on qt.eu tagged education and outreach (booklet reference Education 1).", "remarks": [], "footnotes": [], "booklet_page": 16, "booklet_url": "https://qt.eu/media/pdf/KPI_booklet_2025.pdf#page=16" }, { "id": "edu-2", "number": "Edu 2", "area": "education", "name": "Education: modules", "definition_summary": "Open-source, curated and didactically validated quantum technology education and training modules available through the Quantum Flagship repository.", "unit": "modules (validated)", "values_as_published": { "2021": "0 (0 validated)", "2022": "20 (12 validated)", "2023": "45 (21)", "2024": "56 (32)" }, "progression_per_year_as_published": "+20 (+10 validated)", "target_2030_as_published": "180 (90 validated)", "target_under_review": false, "method_as_stated": "QTEdu and QURECA course listings (booklet reference Education 2).", "remarks": [ "The number in brackets is the number of validated modules." ], "footnotes": [], "booklet_page": 16, "booklet_url": "https://qt.eu/media/pdf/KPI_booklet_2025.pdf#page=16" }, { "id": "edu-3", "number": "Edu 3", "area": "education", "name": "Adoption", "definition_summary": "Companies, universities and training institutions across Europe that use the competence framework in workforce and curriculum development.", "unit": "entities", "values_as_published": { "2021": "1", "2022": "17", "2023": "43", "2024": "47" }, "progression_per_year_as_published": "+25", "target_2030_as_published": "225", "target_under_review": false, "method_as_stated": "Entities named in the booklet (reference Education 3).", "remarks": [], "footnotes": [], "booklet_page": 17, "booklet_url": "https://qt.eu/media/pdf/KPI_booklet_2025.pdf#page=17" }, { "id": "edu-4", "number": "Edu 4", "area": "education", "name": "Diversity and equity", "definition_summary": "Companies and educational institutions contributing to coordinated Flagship equity and diversity efforts under the guidelines of the coordination actions, reported to the European Quantum Readiness Center.", "unit": "entities", "values_as_published": { "2021": "0", "2022": "10", "2023": "15", "2024": "18" }, "progression_per_year_as_published": "+10", "target_2030_as_published": "90", "target_under_review": false, "method_as_stated": "Entities named in the booklet (reference Education 4).", "remarks": [], "footnotes": [], "booklet_page": 17, "booklet_url": "https://qt.eu/media/pdf/KPI_booklet_2025.pdf#page=17" } ], "portal_calculations": { "trajectory_method": "Linear: recent yearly change from the first to the last numeric official value against (target - last) / (2030 - last year). Compound: growth rate over the same years against (target / last) ^ (1 / years left) - 1. When the values rise and fall (not monotonic), the recent pace is the least-squares slope of all numeric values and the compound rate comes from the least-squares slope of their logarithms (pace_method least_squares). Status follows the linear pace; \"On pace only if growth compounds\" when only the compound rate is enough.", "trajectories": { "eco-1": [ { "measure": "Investment (M€)", "status": "Slower than needed", "explanation": "Slower than needed: recent pace 2021-2024: least-squares slope of the 4 values, which rise and fall, = 14.3 a year; needed pace to 2030: (1,000 - 344) / 6 = 109.3 a year; compound growth: recent +3.1%, needed +19.5% a year. Portal calculation, not the SAB assessment.", "reason": "", "target": 1000, "first_year": 2021, "first": 344, "last_year": 2024, "last": 344, "years_left": 6, "recent_linear": 14.3, "needed_linear": 109.33333333333333, "recent_compound": 0.03050272271495369, "needed_compound": 0.19464882304779096, "projected": 429.8, "pace_method": "least_squares", "values": 4 } ], "eco-2": [ { "measure": "organisations", "status": "Slower than needed", "explanation": "Slower than needed: recent pace 2021-2024: (101 - 79) / 3 = 7.3 a year; needed pace to 2030: (250 - 101) / 6 = 24.8 a year; compound growth: recent +8.5%, needed +16.3% a year. Portal calculation, not the SAB assessment.", "reason": "", "target": 250, "first_year": 2021, "first": 79, "last_year": 2024, "last": 101, "years_left": 6, "recent_linear": 7.333333333333333, "needed_linear": 24.833333333333332, "recent_compound": 0.0853373801717916, "needed_compound": 0.16306264082848787, "projected": 145, "pace_method": "endpoints", "values": 4 } ], "eco-3": [ { "measure": "facilities", "status": "On pace", "explanation": "On pace: recent pace 2021-2024: (30 - 1) / 3 = 9.7 a year; needed pace to 2030: (60 - 30) / 6 = 5 a year; compound growth: recent +210.7%, needed +12.2% a year. Portal calculation, not the SAB assessment.", "reason": "", "target": 60, "first_year": 2021, "first": 1, "last_year": 2024, "last": 30, "years_left": 6, "recent_linear": 9.666666666666666, "needed_linear": 5, "recent_compound": 2.1072325059538586, "needed_compound": 0.12246204830937302, "projected": 88, "pace_method": "endpoints", "values": 4 } ], "eco-4": [ { "measure": "jobs", "status": "On pace", "explanation": "On pace: recent pace 2023-2024: (5,777 - 3,850) / 1 = 1,927 a year; needed pace to 2030: (10,000 - 5,777) / 6 = 703.8 a year; compound growth: recent +50.1%, needed +9.6% a year. Portal calculation, not the SAB assessment.", "reason": "", "target": 10000, "first_year": 2023, "first": 3850, "last_year": 2024, "last": 5777, "years_left": 6, "recent_linear": 1927, "needed_linear": 703.8333333333334, "recent_compound": 0.5005194805194806, "needed_compound": 0.09576209245220779, "projected": 17339, "pace_method": "endpoints", "values": 2 } ], "eco-5": [ { "measure": "Global rank", "status": "Not assessed", "explanation": "Not assessed: The indicator is a rank or a description, not a quantity.", "reason": "not-numeric", "target": null, "first_year": null, "first": null, "last_year": null, "last": null, "years_left": null, "recent_linear": null, "needed_linear": null, "recent_compound": null, "needed_compound": null, "projected": null, "pace_method": "endpoints", "values": 0 } ], "eco-6": [ { "measure": "components", "status": "On pace", "explanation": "On pace: recent pace 2021-2024: (48 - 0) / 3 = 16 a year; needed pace to 2030: (60 - 48) / 6 = 2 a year; compound growth: recent n/a, needed +3.8% a year. Portal calculation, not the SAB assessment.", "reason": "", "target": 60, "first_year": 2021, "first": 0, "last_year": 2024, "last": 48, "years_left": 6, "recent_linear": 16, "needed_linear": 2, "recent_compound": null, "needed_compound": 0.03789081555621343, "projected": 144, "pace_method": "endpoints", "values": 4 } ], "comm-1": [ { "measure": "subsystems", "status": "On pace", "explanation": "On pace: recent pace 2021-2024: (12 - 2) / 3 = 3.3 a year; needed pace to 2030: (20 - 12) / 6 = 1.3 a year; compound growth: recent +81.7%, needed +8.9% a year. Portal calculation, not the SAB assessment.", "reason": "", "target": 20, "first_year": 2021, "first": 2, "last_year": 2024, "last": 12, "years_left": 6, "recent_linear": 3.3333333333333335, "needed_linear": 1.3333333333333333, "recent_compound": 0.8171205928321397, "needed_compound": 0.088866888787003, "projected": 32, "pace_method": "endpoints", "values": 4 } ], "comm-2a": [ { "measure": "Distance (km)", "status": "On pace only if growth compounds", "explanation": "On pace only if growth compounds: recent pace 2021-2024: (10 - 1.3) / 3 = 2.9 a year; needed pace to 2030: (500 - 10) / 6 = 81.7 a year; compound growth: recent +97.4%, needed +91.9% a year. Portal calculation, not the SAB assessment.", "reason": "", "target": 500, "first_year": 2021, "first": 1.3, "last_year": 2024, "last": 10, "years_left": 6, "recent_linear": 2.9, "needed_linear": 81.66666666666667, "recent_compound": 0.9740230337485711, "needed_compound": 0.9193831036664843, "projected": 27.4, "pace_method": "endpoints", "values": 4 } ], "comm-2b": [ { "measure": "Distance (km)", "status": "Not assessed", "explanation": "Not assessed: The indicator is a rank or a description, not a quantity.", "reason": "not-numeric", "target": null, "first_year": null, "first": null, "last_year": null, "last": null, "years_left": null, "recent_linear": null, "needed_linear": null, "recent_compound": null, "needed_compound": null, "projected": null, "pace_method": "endpoints", "values": 0 } ], "comm-3": [ { "measure": "Metropolitan areas", "status": "On pace", "explanation": "On pace: recent pace 2021-2024: (20 - 1) / 3 = 6.3 a year; needed pace to 2030: (25 - 20) / 6 = 0.8 a year; compound growth: recent +171.4%, needed +3.8% a year. Portal calculation, not the SAB assessment.", "reason": "", "target": 25, "first_year": 2021, "first": 1, "last_year": 2024, "last": 20, "years_left": 6, "recent_linear": 6.333333333333333, "needed_linear": 0.8333333333333334, "recent_compound": 1.7144176165949063, "needed_compound": 0.03789081555621343, "projected": 58, "pace_method": "endpoints", "values": 4 }, { "measure": "Nodes (maximum per area)", "status": "Slower than needed", "explanation": "Slower than needed: recent pace 2021-2024: (10 - 8) / 3 = 0.7 a year; needed pace to 2030: (75 - 10) / 6 = 10.8 a year; compound growth: recent +7.7%, needed +39.9% a year. Portal calculation, not the SAB assessment.", "reason": "", "target": 75, "first_year": 2021, "first": 8, "last_year": 2024, "last": 10, "years_left": 6, "recent_linear": 0.6666666666666666, "needed_linear": 10.833333333333334, "recent_compound": 0.07721734501594191, "needed_compound": 0.39908320716976364, "projected": 14, "pace_method": "endpoints", "values": 4 } ], "comm-4": [ { "measure": "services or use cases", "status": "On pace only if growth compounds", "explanation": "On pace only if growth compounds: recent pace 2021-2024: (10 - 5) / 3 = 1.7 a year; needed pace to 2030: (30 - 10) / 6 = 3.3 a year; compound growth: recent +26.0%, needed +20.1% a year. Portal calculation, not the SAB assessment.", "reason": "", "target": 30, "first_year": 2021, "first": 5, "last_year": 2024, "last": 10, "years_left": 6, "recent_linear": 1.6666666666666667, "needed_linear": 3.3333333333333335, "recent_compound": 0.2599210498948732, "needed_compound": 0.20093695517600274, "projected": 20, "pace_method": "endpoints", "values": 4 } ], "comp-1": [ { "measure": "systems with quantum advantage", "status": "Slower than needed", "explanation": "Slower than needed: recent pace 2021-2024: (0 - 0) / 3 = 0 a year; needed pace to 2030: (3 - 0) / 6 = 0.5 a year; compound growth: recent n/a, needed n/a a year. Portal calculation, not the SAB assessment.", "reason": "", "target": 3, "first_year": 2021, "first": 0, "last_year": 2024, "last": 0, "years_left": 6, "recent_linear": 0, "needed_linear": 0.5, "recent_compound": null, "needed_compound": null, "projected": 0, "pace_method": "endpoints", "values": 4 } ], "comp-2a": [ { "measure": "qubits", "status": "Not assessed", "explanation": "Not assessed: The 2030 target is not set or under review.", "reason": "no-target", "target": null, "first_year": 2023, "first": 20, "last_year": 2024, "last": 20, "years_left": null, "recent_linear": null, "needed_linear": null, "recent_compound": null, "needed_compound": null, "projected": null, "pace_method": "endpoints", "values": 2 } ], "comp-2b": [ { "measure": "qubits", "status": "Not assessed", "explanation": "Not assessed: The 2030 target is not set or under review.", "reason": "no-target", "target": null, "first_year": 2023, "first": 24, "last_year": 2024, "last": 24, "years_left": null, "recent_linear": null, "needed_linear": null, "recent_compound": null, "needed_compound": null, "projected": null, "pace_method": "endpoints", "values": 2 } ], "comp-2c": [ { "measure": "number factored", "status": "Not assessed", "explanation": "Not assessed: The 2030 target is not set or under review.", "reason": "no-target", "target": null, "first_year": 2023, "first": 15, "last_year": 2024, "last": 15, "years_left": null, "recent_linear": null, "needed_linear": null, "recent_compound": null, "needed_compound": null, "projected": null, "pace_method": "endpoints", "values": 2 } ], "comp-2d": [ { "measure": "relative error reduction", "status": "Not assessed", "explanation": "Not assessed: The 2030 target is not set or under review.", "reason": "no-target", "target": null, "first_year": null, "first": null, "last_year": null, "last": null, "years_left": null, "recent_linear": null, "needed_linear": null, "recent_compound": null, "needed_compound": null, "projected": null, "pace_method": "endpoints", "values": 0 } ], "comp-3": [ { "measure": "use cases", "status": "Slower than needed", "explanation": "Slower than needed: recent pace 2021-2024: (102 - 70) / 3 = 10.7 a year; needed pace to 2030: (500 - 102) / 6 = 66.3 a year; compound growth: recent +13.4%, needed +30.3% a year. Portal calculation, not the SAB assessment.", "reason": "", "target": 500, "first_year": 2021, "first": 70, "last_year": 2024, "last": 102, "years_left": 6, "recent_linear": 10.666666666666666, "needed_linear": 66.33333333333333, "recent_compound": 0.13370669304847693, "needed_compound": 0.3033517480782597, "projected": 166, "pace_method": "endpoints", "values": 4 } ], "comp-4a": [ { "measure": "entities", "status": "On pace", "explanation": "On pace: recent pace 2021-2024: (9 - 0) / 3 = 3 a year; needed pace to 2030: (10 - 9) / 6 = 0.2 a year; compound growth: recent n/a, needed +1.8% a year. Portal calculation, not the SAB assessment.", "reason": "", "target": 10, "first_year": 2021, "first": 0, "last_year": 2024, "last": 9, "years_left": 6, "recent_linear": 3, "needed_linear": 0.16666666666666666, "recent_compound": null, "needed_compound": 0.017715170689366566, "projected": 27, "pace_method": "endpoints", "values": 4 } ], "comp-4b": [ { "measure": "computers or simulators", "status": "On pace", "explanation": "On pace: recent pace 2021-2024: (2 - 0) / 3 = 0.7 a year; needed pace to 2030: (5 - 2) / 6 = 0.5 a year; compound growth: recent n/a, needed +16.5% a year. Portal calculation, not the SAB assessment.", "reason": "", "target": 5, "first_year": 2021, "first": 0, "last_year": 2024, "last": 2, "years_left": 6, "recent_linear": 0.6666666666666666, "needed_linear": 0.5, "recent_compound": null, "needed_compound": 0.1649930507507129, "projected": 6, "pace_method": "endpoints", "values": 4 } ], "sim-1": [ { "measure": "simulators", "status": "Slower than needed", "explanation": "Slower than needed: recent pace 2021-2024: (0 - 0) / 3 = 0 a year; needed pace to 2030: (8 - 0) / 6 = 1.3 a year; compound growth: recent n/a, needed n/a a year. Portal calculation, not the SAB assessment.", "reason": "", "target": 8, "first_year": 2021, "first": 0, "last_year": 2024, "last": 0, "years_left": 6, "recent_linear": 0, "needed_linear": 1.3333333333333333, "recent_compound": null, "needed_compound": null, "projected": 0, "pace_method": "endpoints", "values": 4 } ], "sim-2": [ { "measure": "applications", "status": "Slower than needed", "explanation": "Slower than needed: recent pace 2021-2024: (0 - 0) / 3 = 0 a year; needed pace to 2030: (12 - 0) / 6 = 2 a year; compound growth: recent n/a, needed n/a a year. Portal calculation, not the SAB assessment.", "reason": "", "target": 12, "first_year": 2021, "first": 0, "last_year": 2024, "last": 0, "years_left": 6, "recent_linear": 0, "needed_linear": 2, "recent_compound": null, "needed_compound": null, "projected": 0, "pace_method": "endpoints", "values": 4 } ], "sim-3": [ { "measure": "simulators", "status": "Not assessed", "explanation": "Not assessed: The 2030 target is not set or under review.", "reason": "no-target", "target": null, "first_year": 2024, "first": 4, "last_year": 2024, "last": 4, "years_left": null, "recent_linear": null, "needed_linear": null, "recent_compound": null, "needed_compound": null, "projected": null, "pace_method": "endpoints", "values": 1 } ], "sim-4": [ { "measure": "use cases", "status": "Not assessed", "explanation": "Not assessed: The 2030 target is not set or under review.", "reason": "no-target", "target": null, "first_year": 2024, "first": 1, "last_year": 2024, "last": 1, "years_left": null, "recent_linear": null, "needed_linear": null, "recent_compound": null, "needed_compound": null, "projected": null, "pace_method": "endpoints", "values": 1 } ], "sim-5": [ { "measure": "qubits or particles", "status": "Slower than needed", "explanation": "Slower than needed: recent pace 2022-2024: (100 - 100) / 2 = 0 a year; needed pace to 2030: (5,000 - 100) / 6 = 816.7 a year; compound growth: recent +0.0%, needed +91.9% a year. Portal calculation, not the SAB assessment.", "reason": "", "target": 5000, "first_year": 2022, "first": 100, "last_year": 2024, "last": 100, "years_left": 6, "recent_linear": 0, "needed_linear": 816.6666666666666, "recent_compound": 0, "needed_compound": 0.9193831036664843, "projected": 100, "pace_method": "endpoints", "values": 3 } ], "sens-1": [ { "measure": "product or service classes", "status": "On pace only if growth compounds", "explanation": "On pace only if growth compounds: recent pace 2021-2024: (8 - 3) / 3 = 1.7 a year; needed pace to 2030: (20 - 8) / 6 = 2 a year; compound growth: recent +38.7%, needed +16.5% a year. Portal calculation, not the SAB assessment.", "reason": "", "target": 20, "first_year": 2021, "first": 3, "last_year": 2024, "last": 8, "years_left": 6, "recent_linear": 1.6666666666666667, "needed_linear": 2, "recent_compound": 0.3867225487012693, "needed_compound": 0.1649930507507129, "projected": 18, "pace_method": "endpoints", "values": 4 } ], "sens-2": [ { "measure": "technologies", "status": "On pace", "explanation": "On pace: recent pace 2021-2024: (6 - 0) / 3 = 2 a year; needed pace to 2030: (7 - 6) / 6 = 0.2 a year; compound growth: recent n/a, needed +2.6% a year. Portal calculation, not the SAB assessment.", "reason": "", "target": 7, "first_year": 2021, "first": 0, "last_year": 2024, "last": 6, "years_left": 6, "recent_linear": 2, "needed_linear": 0.16666666666666666, "recent_compound": null, "needed_compound": 0.02602465838272927, "projected": 18, "pace_method": "endpoints", "values": 4 } ], "edu-1": [ { "measure": "events", "status": "Target reached", "explanation": "Target reached: 122 in 2024 against a 2030 target of 100; recent pace 2021-2024: (122 - 7) / 3 = 38.3 a year.", "reason": "", "target": 100, "first_year": 2021, "first": 7, "last_year": 2024, "last": 122, "years_left": 6, "recent_linear": 38.333333333333336, "needed_linear": null, "recent_compound": 1.5927099252228718, "needed_compound": null, "projected": null, "pace_method": "endpoints", "values": 4 } ], "edu-2": [ { "measure": "Modules", "status": "Slower than needed", "explanation": "Slower than needed: recent pace 2021-2024: (56 - 0) / 3 = 18.7 a year; needed pace to 2030: (180 - 56) / 6 = 20.7 a year; compound growth: recent n/a, needed +21.5% a year. Portal calculation, not the SAB assessment.", "reason": "", "target": 180, "first_year": 2021, "first": 0, "last_year": 2024, "last": 56, "years_left": 6, "recent_linear": 18.666666666666668, "needed_linear": 20.666666666666668, "recent_compound": null, "needed_compound": 0.2148260040883614, "projected": 168, "pace_method": "endpoints", "values": 4 }, { "measure": "Validated modules", "status": "On pace", "explanation": "On pace: recent pace 2021-2024: (32 - 0) / 3 = 10.7 a year; needed pace to 2030: (90 - 32) / 6 = 9.7 a year; compound growth: recent n/a, needed +18.8% a year. Portal calculation, not the SAB assessment.", "reason": "", "target": 90, "first_year": 2021, "first": 0, "last_year": 2024, "last": 32, "years_left": 6, "recent_linear": 10.666666666666666, "needed_linear": 9.666666666666666, "recent_compound": null, "needed_compound": 0.18808839878249062, "projected": 96, "pace_method": "endpoints", "values": 4 } ], "edu-3": [ { "measure": "entities", "status": "On pace only if growth compounds", "explanation": "On pace only if growth compounds: recent pace 2021-2024: (47 - 1) / 3 = 15.3 a year; needed pace to 2030: (225 - 47) / 6 = 29.7 a year; compound growth: recent +260.9%, needed +29.8% a year. Portal calculation, not the SAB assessment.", "reason": "", "target": 225, "first_year": 2021, "first": 1, "last_year": 2024, "last": 47, "years_left": 6, "recent_linear": 15.333333333333334, "needed_linear": 29.666666666666668, "recent_compound": 2.6088260801386944, "needed_compound": 0.29821745285652335, "projected": 139, "pace_method": "endpoints", "values": 4 } ], "edu-4": [ { "measure": "entities", "status": "Slower than needed", "explanation": "Slower than needed: recent pace 2021-2024: (18 - 0) / 3 = 6 a year; needed pace to 2030: (90 - 18) / 6 = 12 a year; compound growth: recent n/a, needed +30.8% a year. Portal calculation, not the SAB assessment.", "reason": "", "target": 90, "first_year": 2021, "first": 0, "last_year": 2024, "last": 18, "years_left": 6, "recent_linear": 6, "needed_linear": 12, "recent_compound": null, "needed_compound": 0.3076604860118306, "projected": 54, "pace_method": "endpoints", "values": 4 } ] }, "live_measures": { "eco-1": { "label": "EU contribution to quantum projects by start year, and announced private rounds", "is_official_value": false, "close_match": false, "method": "Two separate series, never added together. (1) The EU maximum contribution of the CORDIS quantum projects in the portal snapshot, summed by the year each project starts; only CORDIS rows are used, so a project that also appears in the Funding & Tenders snapshot is counted once, as on Follow the money. (2) Publicly announced private rounds of the investor view by announcement year, one total per currency: closed rounds with a disclosed amount only, acquisitions and listings left out, as on the rounds tracker.", "coverage": "The CORDIS snapshot of the portal (Horizon 2020 and Horizon Europe projects matched as quantum); the curated rounds file (2023 onwards, not exhaustive).", "limitations": [ "EU grants are commitments to projects, not the venture, seed and public-private investment the SAB counts.", "The current year is incomplete: projects are still being signed and rounds announced.", "Rounds are a curated selection, not a census of European quantum investment." ], "result": { "value": 345, "value_label": "EU maximum contribution of quantum projects starting in 2025, EUR million", "value_text": "EUR 345 million (2025)", "as_of": "2026-10-16", "series": { "2015": 95.7, "2016": 106.2, "2017": 79.4, "2018": 221.3, "2019": 174.9, "2020": 159.9, "2021": 153.2, "2022": 236, "2023": 388.8, "2024": 260.2, "2025": 345, "2026": 404.4, "2027": 37.4 }, "series_label": "EU maximum contribution by project start year, EUR million", "partial": 2026, "breakdown": [ [ "CORDIS projects with an EU contribution", "1,256" ], [ "CORDIS projects without a stated amount (not counted)", "0" ], [ "Announced private rounds, 2023", "EUR 150 million in 2 rounds (at least)" ], [ "Announced private rounds, 2024", "EUR 83 million in 3 rounds; USD 101 million in 2 rounds" ], [ "Announced private rounds, 2025", "EUR 325.5 million in 4 rounds; USD 434 million in 4 rounds; 7 not counted (undisclosed, not closed or not an investment)" ], [ "Announced private rounds, 2026 (year in progress)", "EUR 316.6 million in 4 rounds; USD 338 million in 2 rounds; GBP 260 million in 1 round; 8 not counted (undisclosed, not closed or not an investment)" ] ], "status": "available", "reason": "", "series_kind": "per_year", "items": [], "trend": { "direction": "rising", "from": 2022, "to": 2025, "per_year": 36.333333333333336 }, "trajectory": null } }, "eco-2": { "label": "European companies in EU quantum projects, by year of their first project", "is_official_value": false, "close_match": false, "method": "Companies of the investor view screener (private for-profit organisations in European countries taking part in the CORDIS quantum projects, entities of one company grouped through reviewed links), counted cumulatively by the start year of their first quantum project in the snapshot; SMEs as flagged in CORDIS.", "coverage": "Companies with at least one CORDIS quantum project; companies without EU funding are not seen.", "limitations": [ "The SAB counts SME members of QuIC; the portal counts companies in EU-funded projects, a different and larger population.", "The first project year is not the founding year." ], "result": { "value": 599, "value_label": "Companies based in Europe (EU, EFTA, United Kingdom and countries associated to Horizon Europe) that have taken part in an EU-funded quantum project; companies of any country are counted on the supply-chain page", "value_text": "599 European companies", "as_of": "2026-11-02", "series": { "2015": 5, "2016": 28, "2017": 56, "2018": 123, "2019": 156, "2020": 181, "2021": 198, "2022": 255, "2023": 352, "2024": 432, "2025": 516, "2026": 597, "2027": 599 }, "series_label": "Companies, cumulative, by start year of their first EU quantum project", "series_kind": "cumulative", "breakdown": [ [ "Of which SMEs, as flagged in CORDIS", "339" ], [ "Companies in the screener", "602" ] ], "status": "available", "reason": "", "partial": null, "items": [], "trend": { "direction": "rising", "from": 2024, "to": 2027, "per_year": 55.666666666666664 }, "trajectory": null } }, "eco-3": { "label": "Catalogue facilities offering testing or fabrication services", "is_official_value": false, "close_match": false, "method": "Entries of the infrastructure catalogue whose sources name a testing service or a fabrication service as an access route.", "coverage": "The source-verified infrastructure catalogue: EuroHPC, EuroQCI, Qu-Test and Qu-Pilot, Chips JU pilot lines and national platforms.", "limitations": [ "Several entries are networks or projects that group many sites; the SAB counts research institutions.", "A named access route is not proof that SMEs can book the service today.", "The catalogue has no history, so there is no yearly series." ], "result": { "value": 13, "value_label": "Catalogue entries naming a testing or fabrication service", "value_text": "13 entries", "as_of": "2026-10-27", "items": [ "Qu-Test (EU)", "Qu-Pilot (EU)", "SUPREME (EU)", "P4Q (EU)", "DIREQT (EU)", "CHAMP-ION (EU)", "QCINed (NL)", "QuCT NL (Quantum Communication Testbed) (NL)", "TNO quantum testing hub at House of Quantum (NL)", "WACQT Quantum Technology Testbed (SE)", "TNO Quantum Sensing Testbed (NL)", "PTB Quantum Technology Competence Center (QTZ) (DE)", "QuaMT-ITA: Quantum Metrology and Testing for Italy (IT)" ], "status": "available", "reason": "", "series": [], "series_label": "", "series_kind": "per_year", "partial": null, "breakdown": [], "trend": { "direction": "none", "from": null, "to": null, "per_year": null }, "trajectory": null } }, "eco-4": { "label": "Quantum job postings collected on the portal, by year", "is_official_value": false, "close_match": false, "method": "Published job and position opportunities on the portal, counted by the year they were added.", "coverage": "Postings from qt.eu and the public job boards the portal reads.", "limitations": [ "Postings, not jobs created: one job can be posted more than once and many jobs are never posted on these boards.", "The year is when the portal added the posting, not when the job was created.", "The current year is incomplete." ], "result": { "value": 16, "value_label": "Job postings added to the portal in 2026", "value_text": "16 postings (2026)", "as_of": "2026-11-02", "series": { "2026": 16 }, "series_label": "Job postings added to the portal, by year", "partial": 2026, "breakdown": [ [ "Published postings in all years", "16" ] ], "status": "available", "reason": "", "series_kind": "per_year", "items": [], "trend": { "direction": "none", "from": null, "to": null, "per_year": null }, "trajectory": null } }, "eco-5": { "label": "Published quantum patent documents per year (EPO landscape)", "is_official_value": false, "close_match": false, "method": "The patent landscape of technology intelligence: published documents per publication year found by EPO Open Patent Services searches in CPC G06N 10 (quantum computing) and in H04L 9/0852 with H04B 10/70 (quantum communication), shown as two series.", "coverage": "Worldwide publications in those CPC groups, collected a few years per scheduled run while an OPS key is installed.", "limitations": [ "Documents, not patent families, and worldwide: the share of European applicants is not available because applicant countries are not collected yet, so no rank can be derived.", "The two series can overlap and are not added together.", "The last two years are incomplete." ], "result": { "value": 3577, "value_label": "Published documents in 2025, Quantum computing (CPC G06N 10/00 and its subgroups)", "value_text": "3,577 documents (2025)", "as_of": "2026-11-02", "series": { "2015": 63, "2016": 92, "2017": 174, "2018": 253, "2019": 452, "2020": 853, "2021": 1293, "2022": 2133, "2023": 2593, "2024": 3080, "2025": 3577 }, "series_label": "Published documents per year, Quantum computing (CPC G06N 10/00 and its subgroups)", "partial": 2025, "breakdown": [ [ "Quantum computing (CPC G06N 10/00 and its subgroups)", "3,577 documents published in 2025 (11 years collected)" ], [ "Quantum communication (CPC H04L 9/0852 and its subgroups, and H04B 10/70)", "1,808 documents published in 2025 (11 years collected)" ] ], "status": "available", "reason": "", "series_kind": "per_year", "items": [], "trend": { "direction": "rising", "from": 2021, "to": 2024, "per_year": 595.6666666666666 }, "trajectory": null } }, "eco-6": { "label": "Parts-tree components with companies in EU-funded projects", "is_official_value": false, "close_match": false, "method": "Components of the source-verified parts tree for which at least one company takes part in a CORDIS quantum project whose title names the component, as on the technology map.", "coverage": "Components of the parts tree; CORDIS projects and organisations of the portal snapshot.", "limitations": [ "A company in an EU-funded project about a component is not proof that the component is produced in the EU.", "The SAB counts components formerly imported and now made in the EU; the portal cannot observe imports." ], "result": { "value": 9, "value_label": "Components of the parts tree with a company in a matching EU-funded project", "value_text": "9 of 83 components", "as_of": "2026-10-16", "items": [ "Readout resonators and Purcell filters", "Josephson parametric amplifiers", "Quantum-dot single-photon sources", "Waveguide material platforms", "Silicon structures (Si/SiGe and Si-MOS)", "Germanium hole devices", "Quantum random number generators", "Homodyne and heterodyne detectors", "Planar lightwave circuit interferometers" ], "breakdown": [ [ "Components in the parts tree", "83" ] ], "status": "available", "reason": "", "series": [], "series_label": "", "series_kind": "per_year", "partial": null, "trend": { "direction": "none", "from": null, "to": null, "per_year": null }, "trajectory": null } }, "comm-1": { "status": "no automatic measure", "reason": "No source of the portal records communication subsystems or their state of the art." }, "comm-2a": { "status": "no automatic measure", "reason": "Distances of heralded entanglement come from experiments in the literature; the portal does not track them." }, "comm-2b": { "status": "no automatic measure", "reason": "Key exchange distances and new protocols come from experiments in the literature; the portal does not track them." }, "comm-3": { "label": "EuroQCI national projects and evidenced communication deployments", "is_official_value": false, "close_match": false, "method": "Countries with a national EuroQCI project in the infrastructure catalogue, and quantum communication records of the deployment tracker whose furthest evidenced milestone is delivered, commissioned or operational, against those only planned.", "coverage": "The infrastructure catalogue and the deployment tracker, both source-verified.", "limitations": [ "A national project is not a connected metropolitan area, and the tracker does not record QKD key rates or node counts.", "The registries have no complete history, so there is no yearly series." ], "result": { "value": 25, "value_label": "Countries with a national EuroQCI project", "value_text": "25 countries", "as_of": "2026-10-28", "breakdown": [ [ "Countries", "AT, BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, EE, ES, FI, FR, GR, HR, HU, IE, IT, LU, LV, MT, PL, PT, RO, SE, SI, SK" ], [ "Communication records delivered, commissioned or operational", "4: QuCT NL (Quantum Communication Testbed) (NL), QUID (Quantum Italy Deployment) (IT), PTQCI (Portuguese Quantum Communication Infrastructure) (PT), CYQCI (Cyprus Quantum Communication Infrastructure) (CY)" ], [ "Communication records not yet evidenced as deployed", "2: Eagle-1 satellite (EU), LATQN: experimental quantum communication infrastructure in Latvia (LV)" ] ], "status": "available", "reason": "", "series": [], "series_label": "", "series_kind": "per_year", "partial": null, "items": [], "trend": { "direction": "none", "from": null, "to": null, "per_year": null }, "trajectory": null } }, "comm-4": { "label": "Documented quantum communication use cases", "is_official_value": false, "close_match": false, "method": "Use cases of the adoption directory classified as quantum communication, counted cumulatively by the year of their source. Post-quantum cryptography cases are classical security and are not counted.", "coverage": "The source-verified use cases of the adoption directory.", "limitations": [ "A curated selection of documented cases, not every service on the market." ], "result": { "value": 5, "value_label": "Documented quantum communication use cases", "value_text": "5 use cases", "as_of": "2026-10-21", "series": { "2018": 1, "2019": 1, "2020": 1, "2021": 1, "2022": 2, "2023": 3, "2024": 3, "2025": 5 }, "series_label": "Documented quantum communication use cases, cumulative, by year of the source", "series_kind": "cumulative", "status": "available", "reason": "", "partial": null, "breakdown": [], "items": [], "trend": { "direction": "rising", "from": 2022, "to": 2025, "per_year": 1 }, "trajectory": null } }, "comp-1": { "status": "no automatic measure", "reason": "Quantum advantage needs benchmark results the portal does not hold." }, "comp-2a": { "status": "no automatic measure", "reason": "Benchmark results (circuit size) are not held by the portal." }, "comp-2b": { "status": "no automatic measure", "reason": "Benchmark results (GHZ states) are not held by the portal." }, "comp-2c": { "status": "no automatic measure", "reason": "Benchmark results (factoring) are not held by the portal." }, "comp-2d": { "status": "no automatic measure", "reason": "Benchmark results (error correction) are not held by the portal." }, "comp-3": { "label": "Documented quantum computing use cases", "is_official_value": false, "close_match": false, "method": "Use cases of the adoption directory classified as quantum computing, counted cumulatively by the year of their source.", "coverage": "The source-verified use cases of the adoption directory.", "limitations": [ "A curated selection; the SAB counts the QuIC use-case database, which is much larger." ], "result": { "value": 17, "value_label": "Documented quantum computing use cases", "value_text": "17 use cases", "as_of": "2026-10-21", "series": { "2019": 2, "2020": 5, "2021": 5, "2022": 6, "2023": 7, "2024": 12, "2025": 16, "2026": 17 }, "series_label": "Documented quantum computing use cases, cumulative, by year of the source", "series_kind": "cumulative", "status": "available", "reason": "", "partial": null, "breakdown": [], "items": [], "trend": { "direction": "rising", "from": 2023, "to": 2026, "per_year": 3.3333333333333335 }, "trajectory": null } }, "comp-4a": { "label": "Computing facilities with a documented access route", "is_official_value": false, "close_match": false, "method": "Quantum computers and computing user platforms of the infrastructure catalogue that are inaugurated or in operation and whose sources name a call, online access or commercial access.", "coverage": "The source-verified infrastructure catalogue.", "limitations": [ "Facilities, not entities, and not limited to fully European stacks.", "The catalogue has no history, so there is no yearly series." ], "result": { "value": 11, "value_label": "Inaugurated or operating computing facilities with a call, online or commercial access", "value_text": "11 facilities", "as_of": "2026-10-27", "items": [ "Lucy (FR)", "Piast-Q (PL)", "VLQ (CZ)", "Euro-Q-Exa (DE)", "EuroQCS-Spain (ES)", "Quantum Inspire (NL)", "JUNIQ (DE)", "France Hybrid HPC Quantum Initiative (HQI) platform (FR)", "Finnish Quantum-Computing Infrastructure (FiQCI) (FI)", "Quantum Spain quantum computer at BSC-CNS (ES)", "CINECA Quantum Computing as a Service (IT)" ], "status": "available", "reason": "", "series": [], "series_label": "", "series_kind": "per_year", "partial": null, "breakdown": [], "trend": { "direction": "none", "from": null, "to": null, "per_year": null }, "trajectory": null } }, "comp-4b": { "label": "EuroHPC quantum systems commissioned and accepting applications", "is_official_value": false, "close_match": true, "method": "Systems of the deployment tracker in the EuroHPC programme, for computing or simulation, whose evidence shows them commissioned (inaugurated) or operational and whose user access is open, counted cumulatively by the year of commissioning. This follows the Digital Decade wording quoted by the booklet: operational and accessible to user communities.", "coverage": "The source-verified deployment tracker; national machines outside EuroHPC are shown apart and not counted.", "limitations": [ "Inaugurated is not always confirmed production operation; the tracker says so per system.", "Access dates are often not stated, so the year is the commissioning year." ], "result": { "value": 6, "value_label": "EuroHPC quantum computers and simulators commissioned or operational and accepting applications", "value_text": "6 systems", "as_of": "2026-10-28", "series": { "2025": 3, "2026": 6 }, "series_label": "Systems counted, cumulative, by year of commissioning", "series_kind": "cumulative", "breakdown": [ [ "Systems counted", "Piast-Q (procured as EuroQCS-Poland) (PL, 2025), VLQ (procured as LUMI-Q) (CZ, 2025), Euro-Q-Exa (DE, 2026), Lucy (procured as EuroQCS-France) (FR, 2026), EuroQCS-Spain (ES, 2026), Ruby (HPCQS) (FR, 2025)" ], [ "National systems outside EuroHPC, not counted", "Quantum Spain quantum computer at BSC-CNS (ES, 2026)" ] ], "status": "available", "reason": "", "partial": null, "items": [], "trend": { "direction": "rising", "from": 2025, "to": 2026, "per_year": 3 }, "trajectory": { "status": "reached", "reason": "", "target": 5, "first_year": 2025, "first": 3, "last_year": 2026, "last": 6, "years_left": 4, "recent_linear": 3, "needed_linear": null, "recent_compound": 1, "needed_compound": null, "projected": null, "pace_method": "endpoints", "values": 2 } } }, "sim-1": { "status": "no automatic measure", "reason": "Quantum advantage needs benchmark results the portal does not hold." }, "sim-2": { "status": "no automatic measure", "reason": "Products introduced on the basis of quantum simulation are not recorded by any source of the portal." }, "sim-3": { "label": "Quantum simulators in the infrastructure catalogue", "is_official_value": false, "close_match": false, "method": "Quantum simulators of the infrastructure catalogue that are inaugurated or in operation, with those planned shown apart.", "coverage": "The source-verified infrastructure catalogue.", "limitations": [ "Availability is not quantum advantage: the SAB counts simulators giving results classical computers cannot obtain.", "The catalogue has no history, so there is no yearly series." ], "result": { "value": 2, "value_label": "Quantum simulators inaugurated or in operation", "value_text": "2 simulators", "as_of": "2026-10-27", "items": [ "JADE (DE)", "Ruby (FR)" ], "breakdown": [ [ "Planned or under procurement", "SOL (IT)" ] ], "status": "available", "reason": "", "series": [], "series_label": "", "series_kind": "per_year", "partial": null, "trend": { "direction": "none", "from": null, "to": null, "per_year": null }, "trajectory": null } }, "sim-4": { "label": "Documented quantum simulation use cases", "is_official_value": false, "close_match": false, "method": "Use cases of the adoption directory classified as quantum simulation, counted cumulatively by the year of their source.", "coverage": "The source-verified use cases of the adoption directory.", "limitations": [ "A curated selection; a documented case need not run on an EU quantum simulator." ], "result": { "value": 1, "value_label": "Documented quantum simulation use cases", "value_text": "1 use cases", "as_of": "2026-10-21", "series": { "2022": 1 }, "series_label": "Documented quantum simulation use cases, cumulative, by year of the source", "series_kind": "cumulative", "status": "available", "reason": "", "partial": null, "breakdown": [], "items": [], "trend": { "direction": "none", "from": null, "to": null, "per_year": null }, "trajectory": null } }, "sim-5": { "status": "no automatic measure", "reason": "Qubit or particle counts of simulators are not recorded by the catalogue or the tracker." }, "sens-1": { "label": "Sensing technology families with confirmed organisations", "is_official_value": false, "close_match": false, "method": "Families of the sensing pillar of the shared quantum technology taxonomy with at least one organisation whose classification is confirmed.", "coverage": "The taxonomy index of the portal: organisations classified by source fields, keyword rules or editors.", "limitations": [ "Technology families, not product classes, and organisations, not products sold: at most as many as the families the taxonomy defines.", "The index has no history, so there is no yearly series." ], "result": { "value": 4, "value_label": "Sensing families with at least one confirmed organisation", "value_text": "4 of 5 families", "as_of": "2026-11-02", "breakdown": [ [ "Atomic and optical clocks", "7 confirmed organisations" ], [ "Quantum magnetometers", "0 confirmed organisations" ], [ "Quantum gravimeters and inertial sensors", "7 confirmed organisations" ], [ "Quantum imaging", "9 confirmed organisations" ], [ "Colour-centre sensors", "1 confirmed organisations" ] ], "status": "available", "reason": "", "series": [], "series_label": "", "series_kind": "per_year", "partial": null, "items": [], "trend": { "direction": "none", "from": null, "to": null, "per_year": null }, "trajectory": null } }, "sens-2": { "status": "no automatic measure", "reason": "Demonstrations of advanced quantum effects come from the literature; the portal does not track them." }, "edu-1": { "label": "Events on the portal, by start year", "is_official_value": false, "close_match": false, "method": "Published events on the portal counted by the year they start, with the events whose categories name education, training, schools or outreach shown apart.", "coverage": "Events imported from qt.eu and the event feeds the portal reads, and events added by editors.", "limitations": [ "Every event the portal lists, not only those promoted under the Flagship criteria.", "Category names come from the sources and are not always set." ], "result": { "value": 90, "value_label": "Events on the portal starting in 2025", "value_text": "90 events (2025)", "as_of": "2026-11-02", "series": { "2025": 90, "2026": 59, "2027": 7 }, "series_label": "Events on the portal, by start year", "partial": 2026, "breakdown": [ [ "Education, training or outreach events", "None with such a category" ] ], "status": "available", "reason": "", "series_kind": "per_year", "items": [], "trend": { "direction": "none", "from": null, "to": null, "per_year": null }, "trajectory": null } }, "edu-2": { "label": "Courses and degrees in the course directory", "is_official_value": false, "close_match": false, "method": "Entries of the course directory, with free online courses, certificates and schools as the headline because they are closest to open modules; master's programmes and the other entries are shown apart.", "coverage": "The source-verified course directory.", "limitations": [ "Courses and degrees, not curated and validated open-source modules of the Flagship repository.", "The directory has no history, so there is no yearly series." ], "result": { "value": 27, "value_label": "Free online courses, certificates and schools", "value_text": "27 free online offers", "as_of": "2026-10-30", "breakdown": [ [ "Certificate course", "9" ], [ "Course", "42" ], [ "Master's programme", "42" ], [ "Summer or winter school", "8" ] ], "status": "available", "reason": "", "series": [], "series_label": "", "series_kind": "per_year", "partial": null, "items": [], "trend": { "direction": "none", "from": null, "to": null, "per_year": null }, "trajectory": null } }, "edu-3": { "status": "no automatic measure", "reason": "Adoption of the competence framework is reported to the Flagship, not published per organisation; see the framework on the skills page." }, "edu-4": { "status": "no automatic measure", "reason": "Contributions reported to the European Quantum Readiness Center are not published as open data." } } } }