{
    "title": "Quantum publications and patent families by country",
    "notice": "Counts describe what the sources record; they are not a measure of national capability, and nothing here ranks or scores a country.",
    "built": "2026-11-02",
    "rules": {
        "per_million_min_count": 10,
        "patent_per_million_min_completeness": 0.5,
        "band_min_families": 30,
        "period_complete_from": 0.9,
        "statement": "A per-million figure is null under 10 works or families; patent per-million figures are null while less than half of the publication months are read; independence bands are null (status withheld) until the priority years of the period are complete."
    },
    "sources": {
        "publications": "OpenAlex (CC0 1.0)",
        "publications_retrieved": "2026-10-25",
        "patents": "EPO Open Patent Services (derived counts only, OPS terms)",
        "patents_windows_read": 63,
        "patents_windows": 143,
        "population": "Eurostat population on 1 January",
        "population_retrieved": "2026-10-21"
    },
    "countries": [
        {
            "code": "AT",
            "name": "Austria",
            "group": "eu",
            "publications_year": 2025,
            "publications": 398,
            "publications_per_million": 43.19,
            "publications_change_percent": 2.1,
            "patent_first_year": 2020,
            "patent_last_year": 2024,
            "patent_families": 75,
            "patent_families_per_million": 8.14,
            "patent_completeness_percent": 84.4,
            "patent_partial": true,
            "population_year": "2026"
        },
        {
            "code": "BE",
            "name": "Belgium",
            "group": "eu",
            "publications_year": 2025,
            "publications": 167,
            "publications_per_million": 13.97,
            "publications_change_percent": 29.5,
            "patent_first_year": 2020,
            "patent_last_year": 2024,
            "patent_families": 5,
            "patent_families_per_million": null,
            "patent_completeness_percent": 84.4,
            "patent_partial": true,
            "population_year": "2026"
        },
        {
            "code": "BG",
            "name": "Bulgaria",
            "group": "eu",
            "publications_year": 2025,
            "publications": 35,
            "publications_per_million": 5.45,
            "publications_change_percent": 25,
            "patent_first_year": 2020,
            "patent_last_year": 2024,
            "patent_families": 0,
            "patent_families_per_million": null,
            "patent_completeness_percent": 84.4,
            "patent_partial": true,
            "population_year": "2026"
        },
        {
            "code": "HR",
            "name": "Croatia",
            "group": "eu",
            "publications_year": 2025,
            "publications": 22,
            "publications_per_million": 5.68,
            "publications_change_percent": 100,
            "patent_first_year": 2020,
            "patent_last_year": 2024,
            "patent_families": 0,
            "patent_families_per_million": null,
            "patent_completeness_percent": 84.4,
            "patent_partial": true,
            "population_year": "2026"
        },
        {
            "code": "CY",
            "name": "Cyprus",
            "group": "eu",
            "publications_year": 2025,
            "publications": 27,
            "publications_per_million": 27.09,
            "publications_change_percent": 170,
            "patent_first_year": 2020,
            "patent_last_year": 2024,
            "patent_families": 0,
            "patent_families_per_million": null,
            "patent_completeness_percent": 84.4,
            "patent_partial": true,
            "population_year": "2026"
        },
        {
            "code": "CZ",
            "name": "Czechia",
            "group": "eu",
            "publications_year": 2025,
            "publications": 169,
            "publications_per_million": 15.48,
            "publications_change_percent": 29,
            "patent_first_year": 2020,
            "patent_last_year": 2024,
            "patent_families": 0,
            "patent_families_per_million": null,
            "patent_completeness_percent": 84.4,
            "patent_partial": true,
            "population_year": "2026"
        },
        {
            "code": "DK",
            "name": "Denmark",
            "group": "eu",
            "publications_year": 2025,
            "publications": 306,
            "publications_per_million": 50.78,
            "publications_change_percent": 35.4,
            "patent_first_year": 2020,
            "patent_last_year": 2024,
            "patent_families": 19,
            "patent_families_per_million": 3.15,
            "patent_completeness_percent": 84.4,
            "patent_partial": true,
            "population_year": "2026"
        },
        {
            "code": "EE",
            "name": "Estonia",
            "group": "eu",
            "publications_year": 2025,
            "publications": 14,
            "publications_per_million": 10.29,
            "publications_change_percent": 27.3,
            "patent_first_year": 2020,
            "patent_last_year": 2024,
            "patent_families": 1,
            "patent_families_per_million": null,
            "patent_completeness_percent": 84.4,
            "patent_partial": true,
            "population_year": "2026"
        },
        {
            "code": "FI",
            "name": "Finland",
            "group": "eu",
            "publications_year": 2025,
            "publications": 207,
            "publications_per_million": 36.62,
            "publications_change_percent": 71.1,
            "patent_first_year": 2020,
            "patent_last_year": 2024,
            "patent_families": 151,
            "patent_families_per_million": 26.71,
            "patent_completeness_percent": 84.4,
            "patent_partial": true,
            "population_year": "2026"
        },
        {
            "code": "FR",
            "name": "France",
            "group": "eu",
            "publications_year": 2025,
            "publications": 1055,
            "publications_per_million": 15.27,
            "publications_change_percent": 22.7,
            "patent_first_year": 2020,
            "patent_last_year": 2024,
            "patent_families": 282,
            "patent_families_per_million": 4.08,
            "patent_completeness_percent": 84.4,
            "patent_partial": true,
            "population_year": "2026"
        },
        {
            "code": "DE",
            "name": "Germany",
            "group": "eu",
            "publications_year": 2025,
            "publications": 2380,
            "publications_per_million": 28.51,
            "publications_change_percent": 39.4,
            "patent_first_year": 2020,
            "patent_last_year": 2024,
            "patent_families": 456,
            "patent_families_per_million": 5.46,
            "patent_completeness_percent": 84.4,
            "patent_partial": true,
            "population_year": "2026"
        },
        {
            "code": "GR",
            "name": "Greece",
            "group": "eu",
            "publications_year": 2025,
            "publications": 124,
            "publications_per_million": 11.96,
            "publications_change_percent": 45.9,
            "patent_first_year": 2020,
            "patent_last_year": 2024,
            "patent_families": 0,
            "patent_families_per_million": null,
            "patent_completeness_percent": 84.4,
            "patent_partial": true,
            "population_year": "2026"
        },
        {
            "code": "HU",
            "name": "Hungary",
            "group": "eu",
            "publications_year": 2025,
            "publications": 117,
            "publications_per_million": 12.33,
            "publications_change_percent": 64.8,
            "patent_first_year": 2020,
            "patent_last_year": 2024,
            "patent_families": 2,
            "patent_families_per_million": null,
            "patent_completeness_percent": 84.4,
            "patent_partial": true,
            "population_year": "2026"
        },
        {
            "code": "IE",
            "name": "Ireland",
            "group": "eu",
            "publications_year": 2025,
            "publications": 109,
            "publications_per_million": 19.78,
            "publications_change_percent": 62.7,
            "patent_first_year": 2020,
            "patent_last_year": 2024,
            "patent_families": 27,
            "patent_families_per_million": 4.9,
            "patent_completeness_percent": 84.4,
            "patent_partial": true,
            "population_year": "2026"
        },
        {
            "code": "IT",
            "name": "Italy",
            "group": "eu",
            "publications_year": 2025,
            "publications": 1250,
            "publications_per_million": 21.21,
            "publications_change_percent": 70.8,
            "patent_first_year": 2020,
            "patent_last_year": 2024,
            "patent_families": 25,
            "patent_families_per_million": 0.42,
            "patent_completeness_percent": 84.4,
            "patent_partial": true,
            "population_year": "2026"
        },
        {
            "code": "LV",
            "name": "Latvia",
            "group": "eu",
            "publications_year": 2025,
            "publications": 22,
            "publications_per_million": 11.92,
            "publications_change_percent": 37.5,
            "patent_first_year": 2020,
            "patent_last_year": 2024,
            "patent_families": 0,
            "patent_families_per_million": null,
            "patent_completeness_percent": 84.4,
            "patent_partial": true,
            "population_year": "2026"
        },
        {
            "code": "LT",
            "name": "Lithuania",
            "group": "eu",
            "publications_year": 2025,
            "publications": 31,
            "publications_per_million": 10.74,
            "publications_change_percent": 72.2,
            "patent_first_year": 2020,
            "patent_last_year": 2024,
            "patent_families": 0,
            "patent_families_per_million": null,
            "patent_completeness_percent": 84.4,
            "patent_partial": true,
            "population_year": "2026"
        },
        {
            "code": "LU",
            "name": "Luxembourg",
            "group": "eu",
            "publications_year": 2025,
            "publications": 42,
            "publications_per_million": 60.79,
            "publications_change_percent": 68,
            "patent_first_year": 2020,
            "patent_last_year": 2024,
            "patent_families": 0,
            "patent_families_per_million": null,
            "patent_completeness_percent": 84.4,
            "patent_partial": true,
            "population_year": "2026"
        },
        {
            "code": "MT",
            "name": "Malta",
            "group": "eu",
            "publications_year": 2025,
            "publications": 10,
            "publications_per_million": 17,
            "publications_change_percent": 400,
            "patent_first_year": 2020,
            "patent_last_year": 2024,
            "patent_families": 1,
            "patent_families_per_million": null,
            "patent_completeness_percent": 84.4,
            "patent_partial": true,
            "population_year": "2026"
        },
        {
            "code": "NL",
            "name": "Netherlands",
            "group": "eu",
            "publications_year": 2025,
            "publications": 422,
            "publications_per_million": 23.28,
            "publications_change_percent": 32.3,
            "patent_first_year": 2020,
            "patent_last_year": 2024,
            "patent_families": 92,
            "patent_families_per_million": 5.07,
            "patent_completeness_percent": 84.4,
            "patent_partial": true,
            "population_year": "2026"
        },
        {
            "code": "PL",
            "name": "Poland",
            "group": "eu",
            "publications_year": 2025,
            "publications": 445,
            "publications_per_million": 12.25,
            "publications_change_percent": 24.3,
            "patent_first_year": 2020,
            "patent_last_year": 2024,
            "patent_families": 25,
            "patent_families_per_million": 0.69,
            "patent_completeness_percent": 84.4,
            "patent_partial": true,
            "population_year": "2026"
        },
        {
            "code": "PT",
            "name": "Portugal",
            "group": "eu",
            "publications_year": 2025,
            "publications": 108,
            "publications_per_million": 9.45,
            "publications_change_percent": 33.3,
            "patent_first_year": 2020,
            "patent_last_year": 2024,
            "patent_families": 3,
            "patent_families_per_million": null,
            "patent_completeness_percent": 84.4,
            "patent_partial": true,
            "population_year": "2026"
        },
        {
            "code": "RO",
            "name": "Romania",
            "group": "eu",
            "publications_year": 2025,
            "publications": 52,
            "publications_per_million": 2.73,
            "publications_change_percent": 30,
            "patent_first_year": 2020,
            "patent_last_year": 2024,
            "patent_families": 0,
            "patent_families_per_million": null,
            "patent_completeness_percent": 84.4,
            "patent_partial": true,
            "population_year": "2026"
        },
        {
            "code": "SK",
            "name": "Slovakia",
            "group": "eu",
            "publications_year": 2025,
            "publications": 31,
            "publications_per_million": 5.73,
            "publications_change_percent": 6.9,
            "patent_first_year": 2020,
            "patent_last_year": 2024,
            "patent_families": 0,
            "patent_families_per_million": null,
            "patent_completeness_percent": 84.4,
            "patent_partial": true,
            "population_year": "2026"
        },
        {
            "code": "SI",
            "name": "Slovenia",
            "group": "eu",
            "publications_year": 2025,
            "publications": 31,
            "publications_per_million": 14.52,
            "publications_change_percent": 72.2,
            "patent_first_year": 2020,
            "patent_last_year": 2024,
            "patent_families": 1,
            "patent_families_per_million": null,
            "patent_completeness_percent": 84.4,
            "patent_partial": true,
            "population_year": "2026"
        },
        {
            "code": "ES",
            "name": "Spain",
            "group": "eu",
            "publications_year": 2025,
            "publications": 874,
            "publications_per_million": 17.62,
            "publications_change_percent": 72.4,
            "patent_first_year": 2020,
            "patent_last_year": 2024,
            "patent_families": 83,
            "patent_families_per_million": 1.67,
            "patent_completeness_percent": 84.4,
            "patent_partial": true,
            "population_year": "2026"
        },
        {
            "code": "SE",
            "name": "Sweden",
            "group": "eu",
            "publications_year": 2025,
            "publications": 263,
            "publications_per_million": 24.8,
            "publications_change_percent": 64.4,
            "patent_first_year": 2020,
            "patent_last_year": 2024,
            "patent_families": 18,
            "patent_families_per_million": 1.7,
            "patent_completeness_percent": 84.4,
            "patent_partial": true,
            "population_year": "2026"
        },
        {
            "code": "IS",
            "name": "Iceland",
            "group": "associated",
            "publications_year": 2025,
            "publications": 6,
            "publications_per_million": null,
            "publications_change_percent": 20,
            "patent_first_year": 2020,
            "patent_last_year": 2024,
            "patent_families": 0,
            "patent_families_per_million": null,
            "patent_completeness_percent": 84.4,
            "patent_partial": true,
            "population_year": "2026"
        },
        {
            "code": "LI",
            "name": "Liechtenstein",
            "group": "associated",
            "publications_year": 2025,
            "publications": 0,
            "publications_per_million": null,
            "publications_change_percent": null,
            "patent_first_year": 2020,
            "patent_last_year": 2024,
            "patent_families": 3,
            "patent_families_per_million": null,
            "patent_completeness_percent": 84.4,
            "patent_partial": true,
            "population_year": "2026"
        },
        {
            "code": "NO",
            "name": "Norway",
            "group": "associated",
            "publications_year": 2025,
            "publications": 49,
            "publications_per_million": 8.71,
            "publications_change_percent": 16.7,
            "patent_first_year": 2020,
            "patent_last_year": 2024,
            "patent_families": 2,
            "patent_families_per_million": null,
            "patent_completeness_percent": 84.4,
            "patent_partial": true,
            "population_year": "2026"
        },
        {
            "code": "CH",
            "name": "Switzerland",
            "group": "associated",
            "publications_year": 2025,
            "publications": 516,
            "publications_per_million": 56.55,
            "publications_change_percent": 17.5,
            "patent_first_year": 2020,
            "patent_last_year": 2024,
            "patent_families": 82,
            "patent_families_per_million": 8.99,
            "patent_completeness_percent": 84.4,
            "patent_partial": true,
            "population_year": "2026"
        },
        {
            "code": "GB",
            "name": "United Kingdom",
            "group": "associated",
            "publications_year": 2025,
            "publications": 1410,
            "publications_per_million": 20.27,
            "publications_change_percent": 9,
            "patent_first_year": 2020,
            "patent_last_year": 2024,
            "patent_families": 315,
            "patent_families_per_million": 4.53,
            "patent_completeness_percent": 84.4,
            "patent_partial": true,
            "population_year": "2026"
        },
        {
            "code": "IL",
            "name": "Israel",
            "group": "associated",
            "publications_year": 2025,
            "publications": 314,
            "publications_per_million": null,
            "publications_change_percent": 26.6,
            "patent_first_year": 2020,
            "patent_last_year": 2024,
            "patent_families": 144,
            "patent_families_per_million": null,
            "patent_completeness_percent": 84.4,
            "patent_partial": true,
            "population_year": null
        },
        {
            "code": "TR",
            "name": "Türkiye",
            "group": "associated",
            "publications_year": 2025,
            "publications": 169,
            "publications_per_million": 1.97,
            "publications_change_percent": 25.2,
            "patent_first_year": 2020,
            "patent_last_year": 2024,
            "patent_families": 8,
            "patent_families_per_million": null,
            "patent_completeness_percent": 84.4,
            "patent_partial": true,
            "population_year": "2025"
        },
        {
            "code": "RS",
            "name": "Serbia",
            "group": "associated",
            "publications_year": 2025,
            "publications": 34,
            "publications_per_million": 5.21,
            "publications_change_percent": 61.9,
            "patent_first_year": 2020,
            "patent_last_year": 2024,
            "patent_families": 0,
            "patent_families_per_million": null,
            "patent_completeness_percent": 84.4,
            "patent_partial": true,
            "population_year": "2026"
        },
        {
            "code": "UA",
            "name": "Ukraine",
            "group": "associated",
            "publications_year": 2025,
            "publications": 138,
            "publications_per_million": 3.37,
            "publications_change_percent": 72.5,
            "patent_first_year": 2020,
            "patent_last_year": 2024,
            "patent_families": 0,
            "patent_families_per_million": null,
            "patent_completeness_percent": 84.4,
            "patent_partial": true,
            "population_year": "2022"
        },
        {
            "code": "US",
            "name": "United States",
            "group": "other",
            "publications_year": 2025,
            "publications": 4909,
            "publications_per_million": null,
            "publications_change_percent": 42.6,
            "patent_first_year": 2020,
            "patent_last_year": 2024,
            "patent_families": 2237,
            "patent_families_per_million": null,
            "patent_completeness_percent": 84.4,
            "patent_partial": true,
            "population_year": null
        },
        {
            "code": "CN",
            "name": "China",
            "group": "other",
            "publications_year": 2025,
            "publications": 5757,
            "publications_per_million": null,
            "publications_change_percent": 53.5,
            "patent_first_year": 2020,
            "patent_last_year": 2024,
            "patent_families": 535,
            "patent_families_per_million": null,
            "patent_completeness_percent": 84.4,
            "patent_partial": true,
            "population_year": null
        },
        {
            "code": "JP",
            "name": "Japan",
            "group": "other",
            "publications_year": 2025,
            "publications": 1316,
            "publications_per_million": null,
            "publications_change_percent": 32.1,
            "patent_first_year": 2020,
            "patent_last_year": 2024,
            "patent_families": 701,
            "patent_families_per_million": null,
            "patent_completeness_percent": 84.4,
            "patent_partial": true,
            "population_year": null
        },
        {
            "code": "CA",
            "name": "Canada",
            "group": "other",
            "publications_year": 2025,
            "publications": 814,
            "publications_per_million": null,
            "publications_change_percent": 28,
            "patent_first_year": 2020,
            "patent_last_year": 2024,
            "patent_families": 224,
            "patent_families_per_million": null,
            "patent_completeness_percent": 84.4,
            "patent_partial": true,
            "population_year": null
        },
        {
            "code": "KR",
            "name": "South Korea",
            "group": "other",
            "publications_year": 2025,
            "publications": 569,
            "publications_per_million": null,
            "publications_change_percent": 70.4,
            "patent_first_year": 2020,
            "patent_last_year": 2024,
            "patent_families": 575,
            "patent_families_per_million": null,
            "patent_completeness_percent": 84.4,
            "patent_partial": true,
            "population_year": null
        },
        {
            "code": "IN",
            "name": "India",
            "group": "other",
            "publications_year": 2025,
            "publications": 2133,
            "publications_per_million": null,
            "publications_change_percent": 175.9,
            "patent_first_year": 2020,
            "patent_last_year": 2024,
            "patent_families": 54,
            "patent_families_per_million": null,
            "patent_completeness_percent": 84.4,
            "patent_partial": true,
            "population_year": null
        },
        {
            "code": "AU",
            "name": "Australia",
            "group": "other",
            "publications_year": 2025,
            "publications": 532,
            "publications_per_million": null,
            "publications_change_percent": 13.4,
            "patent_first_year": 2020,
            "patent_last_year": 2024,
            "patent_families": 60,
            "patent_families_per_million": null,
            "patent_completeness_percent": 84.4,
            "patent_partial": true,
            "population_year": null
        },
        {
            "code": "SG",
            "name": "Singapore",
            "group": "other",
            "publications_year": 2025,
            "publications": 349,
            "publications_per_million": null,
            "publications_change_percent": 31.7,
            "patent_first_year": 2020,
            "patent_last_year": 2024,
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