{ "title": "Quantum Europe classification method", "statement": "Every count split by quantum technology on the portal is computed with these rules and can be reproduced from them; editors' decisions on single items override the rules for those items, and AI suggestions (where switched on) are labelled and counted only with the suggestions.", "generated": "2026-10-28", "method": { "version": "2.2.0", "compiled": "2026-10-23", "method": "family-rules-v1", "fallback_method": "keyword-fallback-v1", "rows": [ { "id": "computing", "level": "pillar", "pillar": "computing", "label": "Quantum computing and simulation", "definition": "Processing information with qubits, and reproducing other quantum systems with controllable quantum devices: quantum processors of every hardware platform, the error correction that protects them, quantum simulators, and the algorithms and programs that run on them.", "include_keywords": [ "quantum comput*", "qubit*", "quantum processor*", "quantum algorithm*", "quantum error correction", "fault-tolerant", "quantum advantage", "nisq" ], "exclude_keywords": [], "high_precision_keywords": [], "veto_keywords": [ "quantum group*" ], "qualified_keywords": [], "context_keywords": [], "guard_keywords": [ "post-quantum*, quantum-resistant, quantum-safe, quantum computer resi*, quantum computer safe*, quantum computer secur* (unless qubit*, quantum processor*, quantum algorithm*, quantum hardware, quantum advantage, quantum error correction, limits of quantum comput*, quantum computing and post-quantum*, quantum computers and post-quantum*)", "eidas, level of assurance", "parallel programming (unless qubit*, quantum comput*, quantum processor*, quantum algorithm*, quantum hardware, quantum advantage, quantum error correction)" ], "cpc_groups": [ "G06N10" ], "patent_reader_cpc": [ "G06N10/" ], "openalex_topics": [ "T10682 Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture" ], "preprint_radar_topics": [ "T10682 Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture (broader, radar, suggestions)" ], "euroscivoc": [ "quantum computers (exact)" ], "keyword_suggestion_rule": [ "quantum comput", "\\bqubit", "quantum processor", "quantum algorithm", "error correction", "fault[- ]toleran", "quantum annealing", "superconducting circuit", "trapped[- ]ion", "quantum software", "quantum advantage", "quantum cloud", "\\bnisq\\b", "quantum machine learning", "hpc" ], "jrc_indicator_query": "((\"quantum computing\" OR \"quantum computer\" OR \"quantum computation\" OR (\"qubit\" AND quantum) OR \"quantum processor\" OR \"quantum algorithm\" OR \"quantum error correction\" OR (\"fault-tolerant\" AND quantum) OR \"quantum advantage\" OR (\"nisq\" AND quantum)) NOT (\"quantum group\"))" }, { "id": "superconducting", "level": "family", "pillar": "computing", "label": "Superconducting qubits", "definition": "Qubits made of superconducting electrical circuits with Josephson junctions, operated at millikelvin temperatures and controlled with microwaves.", "include_keywords": [ "superconducting qubit*", "superconducting circuit*", "superconducting quantum*", "transmon*", "fluxonium*", "circuit qed", "circuit quantum electrodynamic*", "josephson circuit*" ], "exclude_keywords": [], "high_precision_keywords": [ "superconducting qubit*", "transmon*" ], "veto_keywords": [ "voltage standard*", "si unit*", "astronom*" ], "qualified_keywords": [ "josephson*" ], "context_keywords": [ "qubit*", "quantum comput*", "quantum processor*", "quantum circuit*", "quantum information", "circuit qed", "transmon*", "fluxonium*" ], "guard_keywords": [], "cpc_groups": [ "G06N10/40" ], "patent_reader_cpc": [], "openalex_topics": [], "preprint_radar_topics": [], "euroscivoc": [], "keyword_suggestion_rule": [], "jrc_indicator_query": "" }, { "id": "trapped-ions", "level": "family", "pillar": "computing", "label": "Trapped ions", "definition": "Qubits stored in charged atoms held by electric fields in a vacuum and manipulated with lasers or microwaves.", "include_keywords": [ "trapped ion*", "ion trap*", "trapped-ion*", "ion qubit*" ], "exclude_keywords": [ "ion trap mass*" ], "high_precision_keywords": [], "veto_keywords": [], "qualified_keywords": [], "context_keywords": [], "guard_keywords": [], "cpc_groups": [ "G06N10/40" ], "patent_reader_cpc": [], "openalex_topics": [], "preprint_radar_topics": [], "euroscivoc": [], "keyword_suggestion_rule": [], "jrc_indicator_query": "" }, { "id": "neutral-atoms", "level": "family", "pillar": "computing", "label": "Neutral atoms", "definition": "Qubits stored in uncharged atoms held in arrays of optical tweezers and coupled through Rydberg states.", "include_keywords": [ "neutral atom*", "rydberg atom*", "rydberg array*", "tweezer array*", "atom array*" ], "exclude_keywords": [], "high_precision_keywords": [], "veto_keywords": [], "qualified_keywords": [ "optical tweezer*" ], "context_keywords": [ "atom*", "rydberg*", "neutral*" ], "guard_keywords": [ "terahertz, thz, electric field*, electrometr*, sensor*, sensing, detector*, imaging, quantum key*, quantum fluid* (unless qubit*, quantum comput*, quantum processor*, quantum gate*, tweezer*, simulat*, entangle*)" ], "cpc_groups": [ "G06N10/40" ], "patent_reader_cpc": [], "openalex_topics": [], "preprint_radar_topics": [], "euroscivoc": [], "keyword_suggestion_rule": [], "jrc_indicator_query": "" }, { "id": "photonic", "level": "family", "pillar": "computing", "label": "Photonic qubits", "definition": "Quantum information carried by single photons or squeezed light in optical circuits.", "include_keywords": [ "photonic qubit*", "photonic quantum comput*", "photonic quantum processor*", "optical quantum comput*", "linear optical quantum*", "boson sampling", "quantum photonic process*" ], "exclude_keywords": [], "high_precision_keywords": [], "veto_keywords": [], "qualified_keywords": [ "quantum photonic*", "integrated quantum photonic*", "single photon*", "squeezed light", "cluster state*" ], "context_keywords": [ "qubit*", "quantum comput*", "quantum processor*", "quantum information processing", "quantum advantage" ], "guard_keywords": [], "cpc_groups": [ "G06N10/40" ], "patent_reader_cpc": [], "openalex_topics": [], "preprint_radar_topics": [], "euroscivoc": [], "keyword_suggestion_rule": [], "jrc_indicator_query": "" }, { "id": "spin-qubits", "level": "family", "pillar": "computing", "label": "Spin qubits in semiconductors", "definition": "Qubits encoded in the spin of electrons or nuclei confined in semiconductor quantum dots or donor atoms.", "include_keywords": [ "spin qubit*", "silicon qubit*", "germanium qubit*", "hole spin*", "donor spin*", "quantum dot qubit*", "quantum dot spin*", "gate-defined quantum dot*" ], "exclude_keywords": [ "quantum dot solar*", "quantum dot light*", "quantum dot display*", "quantum dot led*", "colloidal quantum dot*" ], "high_precision_keywords": [], "veto_keywords": [ "molecular*" ], "qualified_keywords": [ "quantum dot*" ], "context_keywords": [ "qubit*", "spin*", "quantum comput*", "quantum processor*" ], "guard_keywords": [ "photon*, biphoton*, photonic*, emitter*, laser*, solar, photovolta*, perovskite*, display*, luminescen*, nanocrystal*, biomedic*, bioimaging, fluorescen*, label*, bioconjugat*, diagnos*, disease*, biosens*, kitaev*, majorana*, colloidal, nanomaterial* (unless spin*, spin qubit*, silicon qubit*, germanium qubit*, gate-defined quantum dot*)" ], "cpc_groups": [ "G06N10/40" ], "patent_reader_cpc": [], "openalex_topics": [ "T10382 Quantum and electron transport phenomena" ], "preprint_radar_topics": [ "T10382 Quantum and electron transport phenomena (related, radar)" ], "euroscivoc": [], "keyword_suggestion_rule": [], "jrc_indicator_query": "" }, { "id": "nv-diamond", "level": "family", "pillar": "computing", "label": "Colour centres in diamond", "definition": "Qubits held by defects in a crystal, mostly nitrogen-vacancy centres in diamond, read out optically.", "include_keywords": [ "nitrogen-vacancy", "nv centre*", "nv center*", "colour centre*", "color center*", "diamond qubit*", "spin defect*" ], "exclude_keywords": [], "high_precision_keywords": [], "veto_keywords": [], "qualified_keywords": [], "context_keywords": [], "guard_keywords": [], "cpc_groups": [ "G06N10/40" ], "patent_reader_cpc": [], "openalex_topics": [], "preprint_radar_topics": [], "euroscivoc": [], "keyword_suggestion_rule": [], "jrc_indicator_query": "" }, { "id": "topological", "level": "family", "pillar": "computing", "label": "Topological qubits", "definition": "Qubits that would store information in non-local states of exotic quasiparticles, such as Majorana zero modes, designed to be protected from local noise.", "include_keywords": [ "topological qubit*", "topological quantum comput*", "majorana qubit*" ], "exclude_keywords": [], "high_precision_keywords": [], "veto_keywords": [], "qualified_keywords": [ "majorana*", "anyon*" ], "context_keywords": [ "qubit*", "quantum comput*", "quantum processor*", "braiding" ], "guard_keywords": [], "cpc_groups": [ "G06N10/40" ], "patent_reader_cpc": [], "openalex_topics": [], "preprint_radar_topics": [], "euroscivoc": [], "keyword_suggestion_rule": [], "jrc_indicator_query": "" }, { "id": "annealing", "level": "family", "pillar": "computing", "label": "Quantum annealing", "definition": "Special-purpose quantum processors that look for low-energy solutions of optimisation problems by slowly changing a quantum system.", "include_keywords": [ "quantum anneal*", "annealer*" ], "exclude_keywords": [], "high_precision_keywords": [ "quantum anneal*" ], "veto_keywords": [], "qualified_keywords": [], "context_keywords": [], "guard_keywords": [], "cpc_groups": [ "G06N10/40" ], "patent_reader_cpc": [], "openalex_topics": [], "preprint_radar_topics": [], "euroscivoc": [], "keyword_suggestion_rule": [], "jrc_indicator_query": "" }, { "id": "simulation", "level": "family", "pillar": "computing", "label": "Quantum simulation", "definition": "A family group of computing and simulation: reproducing the behaviour of another quantum system, such as a material or a molecule, with a controllable quantum device or with quantum algorithms dedicated to that task. Until October 2026 the portal showed quantum simulation as a separate pillar; the draft SRIA 2026 merges it into computing and simulation.", "include_keywords": [ "quantum simulat*", "analogue quantum", "analog quantum", "quantum emulat*" ], "exclude_keywords": [ "optical lattice clock*" ], "high_precision_keywords": [], "veto_keywords": [], "qualified_keywords": [], "context_keywords": [], "guard_keywords": [ "ab initio, first principles, density functional*, dft, molecular dynamic*, chemistry, actinide*, transistor*, nanodevice*, insulators and conductors, warm dense matter, dna, protein*, drug*, bioinformatic*, computer algebra, condensed phase, metal-organic, hydrogen bond*, photodynamic*, ehrenfest, electronic friction, modelling of materials, materials modelling, electronic device* (unless qubit*, quantum comput*, quantum processor*, quantum algorithm*, quantum hardware, quantum advantage, quantum error correction, quantum simulator*, ultracold*, cold atom*, trapped ion*, ion trap*, rydberg*, optical lattice*, superconducting circuit*, analog quantum, analogue quantum, near-term, variational quantum*)" ], "cpc_groups": [], "patent_reader_cpc": [], "openalex_topics": [ "T11804 Quantum many-body systems" ], "preprint_radar_topics": [ "T11804 Quantum many-body systems (related, radar)" ], "euroscivoc": [ "quantum gases (related)" ], "keyword_suggestion_rule": [ "simulat(?:or|ion)", "many-body", "optical lattice", "ultracold", "analogue", "analog quantum", "cold atoms", "lattice gauge" ], "jrc_indicator_query": "((\"quantum simulation\" OR \"quantum simulator\" OR \"analogue quantum\" OR \"analog quantum\" OR \"quantum emulation\" OR \"quantum emulator\") NOT (\"optical lattice clock\"))" }, { "id": "analogue-simulators", "level": "family", "pillar": "computing", "label": "Analogue quantum simulators", "definition": "Purpose-built quantum systems, such as cold atoms in optical lattices, whose behaviour mirrors a model under study.", "include_keywords": [ "analogue quantum simulat*", "analog quantum simulat*", "quantum simulator*", "quantum gas microscop*" ], "exclude_keywords": [ "optical lattice clock*" ], "high_precision_keywords": [], "veto_keywords": [], "qualified_keywords": [ "optical lattice*", "ultracold atom*", "bose-einstein condensat*", "rydberg atom*" ], "context_keywords": [ "quantum simulat*", "simulator*", "emulat*" ], "guard_keywords": [], "cpc_groups": [], "patent_reader_cpc": [], "openalex_topics": [ "T10425 Cold Atom Physics and Bose-Einstein Condensates" ], "preprint_radar_topics": [ "T10425 Cold Atom Physics and Bose-Einstein Condensates (related, radar)" ], "euroscivoc": [], "keyword_suggestion_rule": [], "jrc_indicator_query": "" }, { "id": "digital-simulation", "level": "family", "pillar": "computing", "label": "Digital quantum simulation", "definition": "Quantum algorithms run on programmable quantum computers to simulate physical or chemical systems.", "include_keywords": [ "digital quantum simulat*", "variational quantum eigensolver*", "variational quantum algorithm*", "hamiltonian simulation" ], "exclude_keywords": [], "high_precision_keywords": [], "veto_keywords": [], "qualified_keywords": [ "quantum chemistry algorithm*" ], "context_keywords": [ "quantum comput*", "qubit*", "quantum processor*", "quantum hardware", "near-term", "variational*", "fault-tolerant", "quantum advantage" ], "guard_keywords": [], "cpc_groups": [], "patent_reader_cpc": [], "openalex_topics": [], "preprint_radar_topics": [], "euroscivoc": [], "keyword_suggestion_rule": [], "jrc_indicator_query": "" }, { "id": "communication", "level": "pillar", "pillar": "communication", "label": "Quantum communication", "definition": "Sending information protected or carried by quantum states: quantum key distribution, quantum random numbers, entanglement distribution and the quantum networks, memories and satellites that support them.", "include_keywords": [ "quantum communication*", "quantum key distribution", "qkd", "quantum network*", "quantum internet", "quantum repeater*", "entanglement distribution" ], "exclude_keywords": [ "post-quantum*" ], "high_precision_keywords": [], "veto_keywords": [], "qualified_keywords": [], "context_keywords": [], "guard_keywords": [ "neuromorphic, pt-symmetric, open quantum network*, coherent quantum network* (unless communication*, repeater*, internet, qkd, quantum key*, entanglement distribution, network node*)" ], "cpc_groups": [ "H04L9/0852", "H04B10/70" ], "patent_reader_cpc": [ "H04L9/0852", "H04L9/0855", "H04L9/0858", "H04B10/70" ], "openalex_topics": [ "T10020 Quantum Information and Cryptography" ], "preprint_radar_topics": [ "T10020 Quantum Information and Cryptography (related, radar)" ], "euroscivoc": [], "keyword_suggestion_rule": [ "\\bqkd\\b", "key distribution", "cryptograph", "quantum (?:internet|network|communicat|repeater|key)", "entanglement distribution", "secure communicat", "post-quantum", "quantum memor" ], "jrc_indicator_query": "((\"quantum communication\" OR \"quantum key distribution\" OR (\"qkd\" AND quantum) OR \"quantum network\" OR \"quantum internet\" OR \"quantum repeater\" OR (\"entanglement distribution\" AND quantum)) NOT (\"post-quantum\"))" }, { "id": "qkd", "level": "family", "pillar": "communication", "label": "Quantum key distribution (QKD)", "definition": "Systems that let two parties agree a secret key whose secrecy rests on quantum measurement, over fibre or free space.", "include_keywords": [ "quantum key distribution", "qkd", "quantum key*", "quantum cryptograph*", "euroqci" ], "exclude_keywords": [ "post-quantum*" ], "high_precision_keywords": [ "quantum key distribution" ], "veto_keywords": [], "qualified_keywords": [], "context_keywords": [], "guard_keywords": [], "cpc_groups": [ "H04L9/0852" ], "patent_reader_cpc": [], "openalex_topics": [], "preprint_radar_topics": [], "euroscivoc": [], "keyword_suggestion_rule": [], "jrc_indicator_query": "" }, { "id": "qrng", "level": "family", "pillar": "communication", "label": "Quantum random number generation", "definition": "Devices that produce random numbers from a quantum process, used for keys and simulations.", "include_keywords": [ "quantum random number*", "qrng*" ], "exclude_keywords": [], "high_precision_keywords": [ "quantum random number*" ], "veto_keywords": [], "qualified_keywords": [], "context_keywords": [], "guard_keywords": [], "cpc_groups": [], "patent_reader_cpc": [], "openalex_topics": [], "preprint_radar_topics": [], "euroscivoc": [], "keyword_suggestion_rule": [], "jrc_indicator_query": "" }, { "id": "quantum-networks", "level": "family", "pillar": "communication", "label": "Quantum networks and repeaters", "definition": "Networks that distribute entanglement between distant nodes, including repeaters and the protocols of a future quantum internet.", "include_keywords": [ "quantum network*", "quantum internet", "quantum repeater*", "entanglement distribution", "entanglement swapping", "quantum link*" ], "exclude_keywords": [ "post-quantum*" ], "high_precision_keywords": [], "veto_keywords": [], "qualified_keywords": [], "context_keywords": [], "guard_keywords": [ "neuromorphic, pt-symmetric, open quantum network*, coherent quantum network* (unless communication*, repeater*, internet, qkd, quantum key*, entanglement distribution, network node*)" ], "cpc_groups": [ "H04L9/0855" ], "patent_reader_cpc": [], "openalex_topics": [], "preprint_radar_topics": [], "euroscivoc": [], "keyword_suggestion_rule": [], "jrc_indicator_query": "" }, { "id": "quantum-memories", "level": "family", "pillar": "communication", "label": "Quantum memories", "definition": "Devices that store a quantum state of light or matter and release it on demand, needed by repeaters.", "include_keywords": [ "quantum memor*", "photon storage", "atomic memor*" ], "exclude_keywords": [], "high_precision_keywords": [], "veto_keywords": [], "qualified_keywords": [], "context_keywords": [], "guard_keywords": [], "cpc_groups": [], "patent_reader_cpc": [], "openalex_topics": [ "T11414 Quantum optics and atomic interactions" ], "preprint_radar_topics": [ "T11414 Quantum optics and atomic interactions (related, radar)" ], "euroscivoc": [], "keyword_suggestion_rule": [], "jrc_indicator_query": "" }, { "id": "satellite-qcomm", "level": "family", "pillar": "communication", "label": "Satellite quantum communication", "definition": "Quantum communication links through satellites or other free-space platforms over long distances.", "include_keywords": [ "satellite qkd", "satellite quantum", "quantum satellite*", "space quantum communication*", "free-space qkd", "space qkd" ], "exclude_keywords": [], "high_precision_keywords": [], "veto_keywords": [], "qualified_keywords": [], "context_keywords": [], "guard_keywords": [], "cpc_groups": [], "patent_reader_cpc": [], "openalex_topics": [], "preprint_radar_topics": [], "euroscivoc": [], "keyword_suggestion_rule": [], "jrc_indicator_query": "" }, { "id": "sensing", "level": "pillar", "pillar": "sensing", "label": "Quantum sensing and metrology", "definition": "Measuring time, fields, gravity, rotation or images with a precision that relies on quantum states of atoms, spins or light.", "include_keywords": [ "quantum sens*", "quantum metrology", "atomic clock*", "optical clock*", "magnetometer*", "gravimeter*", "atom interferomet*", "quantum imaging" ], "exclude_keywords": [], "high_precision_keywords": [], "veto_keywords": [], "qualified_keywords": [ "quantum-enhanced sens*", "quantum-enhanced metrolog*" ], "context_keywords": [ "quantum*" ], "guard_keywords": [ "applied materials, functional materials, quantum materials, materials characteri*, characterisation of materials, characterization of materials, molecular magnet*, magnetic properties (unless quantum sens*, atomic*, optically pumped, opm*, nv, nitrogen-vacancy, diamond*, magnetoencephalograph*, biomagnet*, navigation, brain*)" ], "cpc_groups": [], "patent_reader_cpc": [ "G04F5/14" ], "openalex_topics": [], "preprint_radar_topics": [], "euroscivoc": [ "sensors (broader)" ], "keyword_suggestion_rule": [ "\\bsens(?:or|ors|ing)\\b", "metrolog", "magnetomet", "gravimet", "atomic clock", "optical clock", "\\bnv[- ]cent", "interferomet", "\\bimaging\\b", "\\bgyroscop" ], "jrc_indicator_query": "(\"quantum sensing\" OR \"quantum sensor\" OR \"quantum metrology\" OR (\"atomic clock\" AND quantum) OR (\"optical clock\" AND quantum) OR (\"magnetometer\" AND quantum) OR (\"magnetometry\" AND quantum) OR (\"gravimeter\" AND quantum) OR (\"gravimetry\" AND quantum) OR (\"atom interferometer\" AND quantum) OR (\"atom interferometry\" AND quantum) OR \"quantum imaging\")" }, { "id": "atomic-clocks", "level": "family", "pillar": "sensing", "label": "Atomic and optical clocks", "definition": "Clocks that count the oscillations of an atomic transition, from microwave to optical frequencies.", "include_keywords": [ "atomic clock*", "optical clock*", "optical lattice clock*", "nuclear clock*", "ion clock*", "frequency standard*" ], "exclude_keywords": [], "high_precision_keywords": [], "veto_keywords": [], "qualified_keywords": [], "context_keywords": [], "guard_keywords": [], "cpc_groups": [ "G04F5/14" ], "patent_reader_cpc": [], "openalex_topics": [ "T12004 Advanced Frequency and Time Standards" ], "preprint_radar_topics": [ "T12004 Advanced Frequency and Time Standards (exact, radar, suggestions)" ], "euroscivoc": [], "keyword_suggestion_rule": [], "jrc_indicator_query": "" }, { "id": "magnetometers", "level": "family", "pillar": "sensing", "label": "Quantum magnetometers", "definition": "Sensors that measure magnetic fields with atomic vapours or superconducting quantum interference devices.", "include_keywords": [ "atomic magnetometer*", "optically pumped magnetometer*", "squid magnetometer*", "quantum magnetometer*", "magnetoencephalograph*" ], "exclude_keywords": [], "high_precision_keywords": [], "veto_keywords": [], "qualified_keywords": [], "context_keywords": [], "guard_keywords": [ "applied materials, functional materials, quantum materials, materials characteri*, characterisation of materials, characterization of materials, molecular magnet*, magnetic properties (unless quantum sens*, atomic*, optically pumped, opm*, nv, nitrogen-vacancy, diamond*, magnetoencephalograph*, biomagnet*, navigation, brain*)" ], "cpc_groups": [], "patent_reader_cpc": [], "openalex_topics": [ "T11993 Atomic and Subatomic Physics Research" ], "preprint_radar_topics": [ "T11993 Atomic and Subatomic Physics Research (related, radar)" ], "euroscivoc": [], "keyword_suggestion_rule": [], "jrc_indicator_query": "" }, { "id": "gravimeters-inertial", "level": "family", "pillar": "sensing", "label": "Quantum gravimeters and inertial sensors", "definition": "Atom-interferometer sensors that measure gravity, acceleration or rotation.", "include_keywords": [ "quantum gravimet*", "atom interferomet*", "quantum gyroscop*", "quantum acceleromet*", "cold atom gravimet*", "quantum inertial*", "quantum navigation", "gravity gradiomet*", "quantum space gravimetr*" ], "exclude_keywords": [], "high_precision_keywords": [], "veto_keywords": [], "qualified_keywords": [], "context_keywords": [], "guard_keywords": [], "cpc_groups": [], "patent_reader_cpc": [], "openalex_topics": [], "preprint_radar_topics": [], "euroscivoc": [], "keyword_suggestion_rule": [], "jrc_indicator_query": "" }, { "id": "quantum-imaging", "level": "family", "pillar": "sensing", "label": "Quantum imaging", "definition": "Imaging that uses entangled or squeezed light, or single-photon detection, to see beyond classical limits.", "include_keywords": [ "quantum imaging", "ghost imaging", "quantum lidar", "quantum radar", "quantum illumination", "quantum microscop*", "quantum-enhanced imaging" ], "exclude_keywords": [], "high_precision_keywords": [], "veto_keywords": [], "qualified_keywords": [], "context_keywords": [], "guard_keywords": [], "cpc_groups": [], "patent_reader_cpc": [], "openalex_topics": [], "preprint_radar_topics": [], "euroscivoc": [], "keyword_suggestion_rule": [], "jrc_indicator_query": "" }, { "id": "nv-sensing", "level": "family", "pillar": "sensing", "label": "Colour-centre sensors", "definition": "Sensors that use nitrogen-vacancy or other colour centres in diamond to measure fields at small scales.", "include_keywords": [ "nv magnetometr*", "diamond magnetometer*", "nv sensor*", "nv-based sensing", "quantum diamond microscop*", "diamond quantum sensor*" ], "exclude_keywords": [], "high_precision_keywords": [], "veto_keywords": [], "qualified_keywords": [], "context_keywords": [], "guard_keywords": [], "cpc_groups": [], "patent_reader_cpc": [], "openalex_topics": [], "preprint_radar_topics": [ "T10478 Diamond and Carbon-based Materials Research (related, radar)" ], "euroscivoc": [], "keyword_suggestion_rule": [], "jrc_indicator_query": "" }, { "id": "enabling", "level": "pillar", "pillar": "enabling", "label": "Enabling technologies and supply chain", "definition": "The supply chain the three application pillars are built from, as the SRIA treats it: quantum chips and their fabrication, materials, cryogenics, photonics and lasers, control electronics, and the software stack. It is not a catch-all: work that names no quantum technology belongs to none of the pillars.", "include_keywords": [ "cryogenic system*", "cryogenic platform*", "cryogenic infrastructure*", "cryogenic measurement*", "cryogenic engineering", "dilution refrigerat*", "cryo-cmos", "control electronic*", "quantum foundry", "quantum software stack" ], "exclude_keywords": [], "high_precision_keywords": [], "veto_keywords": [], "qualified_keywords": [ "cryogen*", "quantum testing", "quantum test infrastructure*", "certification of quantum", "certified quantum component*", "validation of quantum" ], "context_keywords": [ "quantum comput*", "quantum processor*", "qubit*", "scal*" ], "guard_keywords": [], "cpc_groups": [], "patent_reader_cpc": [], "openalex_topics": [], "preprint_radar_topics": [], "euroscivoc": [], "keyword_suggestion_rule": [], "jrc_indicator_query": "" }, { "id": "cryogenics", "level": "family", "pillar": "enabling", "label": "Cryogenics and cooling", "definition": "Equipment that cools quantum devices to kelvin or millikelvin temperatures, such as dilution refrigerators and cryostats, and the cryogenic wiring and electronics inside them.", "include_keywords": [ "cryogenic system*", "cryogenic platform*", "cryogenic infrastructure*", "cryogenic measurement*", "cryogenic engineering", "cryogenic cooling", "cryostat*", "dilution refrigerat*", "millikelvin", "sub-kelvin", "cryo-cooler*", "cryocooler*" ], "exclude_keywords": [], "high_precision_keywords": [], "veto_keywords": [], "qualified_keywords": [ "cryogen*" ], "context_keywords": [ "cryostat*", "refrigerat*", "cooler*", "cooling", "vibration*", "helium" ], "guard_keywords": [], "cpc_groups": [], "patent_reader_cpc": [], "openalex_topics": [], "preprint_radar_topics": [], "euroscivoc": [], "keyword_suggestion_rule": [], "jrc_indicator_query": "" }, { "id": "photonics", "level": "family", "pillar": "enabling", "label": "Photonics, lasers and optics", "definition": "Lasers, optical components, integrated photonic circuits and single-photon detectors used to control and read quantum systems.", "include_keywords": [ "photonic integrated circuit*", "integrated photonic*", "silicon photonic*", "nanophotonic*", "single-photon detector*", "single-photon source*", "superconducting nanowire*", "frequency comb*", "quantum light source*", "quantum dot single-photon*", "quantum dot photon source*", "entangled photon source*", "photon pair source*", "single-photon emitter*" ], "exclude_keywords": [ "quantum cascade laser frequency comb*", "quantum cascade laser*" ], "high_precision_keywords": [], "veto_keywords": [], "qualified_keywords": [ "laser*", "waveguide*", "metasurface*" ], "context_keywords": [ "quantum technolog*", "atom based", "atom-based", "quantum comput*", "quantum processor*", "quantum sensor*", "quantum communication*", "quantum key*", "photonic integrat*" ], "guard_keywords": [ "quantum cascade*, quantum dash* (unless entangle*, squeez*, single photon*, photon pair*)", "tumour*, tumor*, cancer*, diagnos*, medical*, biomedic*, luminescent label*, labelling of cells, cell labelling, protein* (unless entangle*, squeez*, single photon*, qubit*, quantum comput*, quantum key*, quantum communication*, quantum light*, photon pair*, quantum network*, quantum sens*)", "phase slip*" ], "cpc_groups": [], "patent_reader_cpc": [], "openalex_topics": [], "preprint_radar_topics": [ "T10299 Photonic and Optical Devices (related, radar)" ], "euroscivoc": [ "laser physics (related)", "nanophotonics (related)" ], "keyword_suggestion_rule": [], "jrc_indicator_query": "" }, { "id": "electronics-control", "level": "family", "pillar": "enabling", "label": "Control electronics", "definition": "Electronics that generate, route and read the signals that drive qubits and sensors, including cryo-CMOS and readout amplifiers.", "include_keywords": [ "control electronic*", "cryo-cmos", "cryo-electronic*", "readout electronic*", "microwave control", "arbitrary waveform", "parametric amplifier*", "quantum-limited amplifier*" ], "exclude_keywords": [], "high_precision_keywords": [], "veto_keywords": [], "qualified_keywords": [], "context_keywords": [], "guard_keywords": [ "light, optical*, multimode (unless microwave*, superconduct*, josephson*, qubit*, readout*)" ], "cpc_groups": [], "patent_reader_cpc": [], "openalex_topics": [], "preprint_radar_topics": [], "euroscivoc": [], "keyword_suggestion_rule": [], "jrc_indicator_query": "" }, { "id": "materials-fabrication", "level": "family", "pillar": "enabling", "label": "Quantum chips, materials and fabrication", "definition": "Quantum chip manufacturing and its materials: substrates, thin films, the foundry and pilot-line processes, design kits and packaging used to make quantum chips and devices.", "include_keywords": [ "isotopically enriched", "isotopically pure", "nanofabricat*", "foundry", "pilot line*", "qubit fabricat*", "quantum chip fabricat*" ], "exclude_keywords": [], "high_precision_keywords": [], "veto_keywords": [ "photovolta*", "solar" ], "qualified_keywords": [ "epitax*", "heterostructure*", "thin film*" ], "context_keywords": [ "qubit*", "quantum comput*", "quantum processor*", "quantum chip*", "quantum device fabricat*", "foundry", "manufactur*" ], "guard_keywords": [], "cpc_groups": [], "patent_reader_cpc": [], "openalex_topics": [], "preprint_radar_topics": [], "euroscivoc": [ "nanotechnology (related)" ], "keyword_suggestion_rule": [], "jrc_indicator_query": "" }, { "id": "software-stack", "level": "family", "pillar": "enabling", "label": "Quantum software stack", "definition": "Programming frameworks, compilers, simulators of quantum computers, benchmarking and control software that make quantum hardware usable.", "include_keywords": [ "quantum software", "quantum compiler*", "quantum compil*", "quantum programming", "quantum sdk*", "quantum operating system*", "quantum benchmark*" ], "exclude_keywords": [], "high_precision_keywords": [], "veto_keywords": [], "qualified_keywords": [], "context_keywords": [], "guard_keywords": [], "cpc_groups": [], "patent_reader_cpc": [], "openalex_topics": [], "preprint_radar_topics": [], "euroscivoc": [ "software (broader)" ], "keyword_suggestion_rule": [], "jrc_indicator_query": "" }, { "id": "quantum-safe-security", "level": "pillar", "pillar": "quantum-safe-security", "label": "Quantum-safe security (post-quantum cryptography)", "definition": "Classical cryptography designed to resist attacks by future quantum computers, and the migration of products and organisations to it. A related area, not a quantum technology: it runs on ordinary computers.", "include_keywords": [ "post-quantum", "pqc", "quantum-safe", "quantum-resistant", "crypto-agility", "cryptographic migration" ], "exclude_keywords": [], "high_precision_keywords": [], "veto_keywords": [], "qualified_keywords": [], "context_keywords": [], "guard_keywords": [], "cpc_groups": [], "patent_reader_cpc": [], "openalex_topics": [], "preprint_radar_topics": [ "T10237 Cryptography and Data Security (related, radar)" ], "euroscivoc": [ "cryptography (broader)" ], "keyword_suggestion_rule": [], "jrc_indicator_query": "(\"post-quantum\" OR (\"pqc\" AND quantum) OR \"quantum-safe\" OR \"quantum-resistant\" OR (\"crypto-agility\" AND quantum) OR (\"cryptographic migration\" AND quantum))" }, { "id": "pqc-algorithms", "level": "family", "pillar": "quantum-safe-security", "label": "Post-quantum algorithms and standards", "definition": "Classical public-key algorithms believed to resist quantum attacks, such as lattice-based schemes, and their standards.", "include_keywords": [ "post-quantum algorithm*", "post-quantum cryptograph*", "post-quantum signature*", "lattice-based cryptograph*", "ml-kem", "ml-dsa", "slh-dsa", "quantum computer resi*", "quantum computer safe*", "quantum computer secur*" ], "exclude_keywords": [], "high_precision_keywords": [ "ml-kem", "ml-dsa", "slh-dsa" ], "veto_keywords": [], "qualified_keywords": [], "context_keywords": [], "guard_keywords": [], "cpc_groups": [], "patent_reader_cpc": [], "openalex_topics": [], "preprint_radar_topics": [], "euroscivoc": [], "keyword_suggestion_rule": [], "jrc_indicator_query": "" }, { "id": "pqc-products", "level": "family", "pillar": "quantum-safe-security", "label": "Post-quantum products", "definition": "Libraries, hardware security modules, network equipment and operating systems that ship post-quantum algorithms.", "include_keywords": [ "post-quantum product*", "pqc library", "pqc libraries", "quantum-safe vpn", "hybrid key exchange" ], "exclude_keywords": [], "high_precision_keywords": [], "veto_keywords": [], "qualified_keywords": [], "context_keywords": [], "guard_keywords": [], "cpc_groups": [], "patent_reader_cpc": [], "openalex_topics": [], "preprint_radar_topics": [], "euroscivoc": [], "keyword_suggestion_rule": [], "jrc_indicator_query": "" }, { "id": "pqc-migration", "level": "family", "pillar": "quantum-safe-security", "label": "Post-quantum migration", "definition": "Inventories, road maps and coordination that move an organisation or a sector to quantum-safe cryptography.", "include_keywords": [ "pqc migration", "post-quantum migration", "cryptographic inventor*", "crypto-agility", "quantum-safe transition", "post-quantum transition" ], "exclude_keywords": [], "high_precision_keywords": [], "veto_keywords": [], "qualified_keywords": [], "context_keywords": [], "guard_keywords": [], "cpc_groups": [], "patent_reader_cpc": [], "openalex_topics": [], "preprint_radar_topics": [], "euroscivoc": [], "keyword_suggestion_rule": [], "jrc_indicator_query": "" } ], "country_topics": { "T10020": "Quantum Information and Cryptography", "T10682": "Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture", "T11414": "Quantum optics and atomic interactions", "T10425": "Cold Atom Physics and Bose-Einstein Condensates", "T11993": "Atomic and Subatomic Physics Research" }, "patent_cpc": { "G06N10": "G06N 10/00 Quantum computing", "H04L9/0852": "H04L 9/0852 Quantum cryptography", "H04B10/70": "H04B 10/70 Photonic quantum communication", "G04F5/14": "G04F 5/14 Timing standards using atomic clocks" }, "cpc_not_used": { "B82Y10": "Names quantum computing only as one example of nanotechnology for information processing, so the group also holds documents that are not about quantum computing (as in technology-intelligence.json). Removed from EpoPatents::CPC and the computing group on 23 October 2026.", "G01R33/035": "Covers superconductive magneto-resistances as well as SQUIDs, and SQUIDs themselves (G01R 33/0354) are not limited to quantum sensing (as in technology-intelligence.json). Removed from the sensing group of EpoPatents::CPC_GROUPS on 23 October 2026.", "G01R33/26": "Optically pumped magnetometers include atomic quantum sensors, but the title does not limit the group to them (as in technology-intelligence.json). Removed from the sensing group of EpoPatents::CPC_GROUPS on 23 October 2026.", "G01C19/58": "Includes ring-laser and fibre-optic Sagnac gyrometers (G01C 19/64 to 19/72), which are not quantum sensors. Removed from the sensing group of EpoPatents::CPC_GROUPS on 23 October 2026.", "H04L9/0869": "Covers every random number source, not only quantum ones, so it is not used for quantum random number generation.", "H04L9/3093": "Lattice-based public-key schemes include post-quantum algorithms, but the title is not limited to them and quantum-safe security is not a quantum technology; no CPC group title of version 2026.08 names post-quantum cryptography among the pages read." }, "jrc_sets": { "computing": { "label": "Computing and simulation: computing search", "pillars": [ "computing" ], "query": "((\"quantum computing\" OR \"quantum computer\" OR \"quantum computation\" OR (\"qubit\" AND quantum) OR \"quantum processor\" OR \"quantum algorithm\" OR \"quantum error correction\" OR (\"fault-tolerant\" AND quantum) OR \"quantum advantage\" OR (\"nisq\" AND quantum)) NOT (\"quantum group\"))" }, "simulation": { "label": "Computing and simulation: simulation search", "pillars": [ "simulation" ], "query": "((\"quantum simulation\" OR \"quantum simulator\" OR \"analogue quantum\" OR \"analog quantum\" OR \"quantum emulation\" OR \"quantum emulator\") NOT (\"optical lattice clock\"))" }, "communication": { "label": "Quantum communication", "pillars": [ "communication" ], "query": "((\"quantum communication\" OR \"quantum key distribution\" OR (\"qkd\" AND quantum) OR \"quantum network\" OR \"quantum internet\" OR \"quantum repeater\" OR (\"entanglement distribution\" AND quantum)) NOT (\"post-quantum\"))" }, "sensing": { "label": "Quantum sensing and metrology", "pillars": [ "sensing" ], "query": "(\"quantum sensing\" OR \"quantum sensor\" OR \"quantum metrology\" OR (\"atomic clock\" AND quantum) OR (\"optical clock\" AND quantum) OR (\"magnetometer\" AND quantum) OR (\"magnetometry\" AND quantum) OR (\"gravimeter\" AND quantum) OR (\"gravimetry\" AND quantum) OR (\"atom interferometer\" AND quantum) OR (\"atom interferometry\" AND quantum) OR \"quantum imaging\")" }, "pqc": { "label": "Post-quantum cryptography (shown separately)", "pillars": [ "quantum-safe-security" ], "query": "(\"post-quantum\" OR (\"pqc\" AND quantum) OR \"quantum-safe\" OR \"quantum-resistant\" OR (\"crypto-agility\" AND quantum) OR (\"cryptographic migration\" AND quantum))" }, "total": { "label": "Quantum technologies, without PQC", "pillars": [ "computing", "communication", "sensing", "simulation" ], "query": "(((\"quantum computing\" OR \"quantum computer\" OR \"quantum computation\" OR (\"qubit\" AND quantum) OR \"quantum processor\" OR \"quantum algorithm\" OR \"quantum error correction\" OR (\"fault-tolerant\" AND quantum) OR \"quantum advantage\" OR (\"nisq\" AND quantum)) NOT (\"quantum group\")) OR ((\"quantum communication\" OR \"quantum key distribution\" OR (\"qkd\" AND quantum) OR \"quantum network\" OR \"quantum internet\" OR \"quantum repeater\" OR (\"entanglement distribution\" AND quantum)) NOT (\"post-quantum\")) OR (\"quantum sensing\" OR \"quantum sensor\" OR \"quantum metrology\" OR (\"atomic clock\" AND quantum) OR (\"optical clock\" AND quantum) OR (\"magnetometer\" AND quantum) OR (\"magnetometry\" AND quantum) OR (\"gravimeter\" AND quantum) OR (\"gravimetry\" AND quantum) OR (\"atom interferometer\" AND quantum) OR (\"atom interferometry\" AND quantum) OR \"quantum imaging\") OR ((\"quantum simulation\" OR \"quantum simulator\" OR \"analogue quantum\" OR \"analog quantum\" OR \"quantum emulation\" OR \"quantum emulator\") NOT (\"optical lattice clock\")))" }, "total_pqc": { "label": "Quantum technologies, with PQC", "pillars": [ "computing", "communication", "sensing", "simulation", "quantum-safe-security" ], "query": "(((\"quantum computing\" OR \"quantum computer\" OR \"quantum computation\" OR (\"qubit\" AND quantum) OR \"quantum processor\" OR \"quantum algorithm\" OR \"quantum error correction\" OR (\"fault-tolerant\" AND quantum) OR \"quantum advantage\" OR (\"nisq\" AND quantum)) NOT (\"quantum group\")) OR ((\"quantum communication\" OR \"quantum key distribution\" OR (\"qkd\" AND quantum) OR \"quantum network\" OR \"quantum internet\" OR \"quantum repeater\" OR (\"entanglement distribution\" AND quantum)) NOT (\"post-quantum\")) OR (\"quantum sensing\" OR \"quantum sensor\" OR \"quantum metrology\" OR (\"atomic clock\" AND quantum) OR (\"optical clock\" AND quantum) OR (\"magnetometer\" AND quantum) OR (\"magnetometry\" AND quantum) OR (\"gravimeter\" AND quantum) OR (\"gravimetry\" AND quantum) OR (\"atom interferometer\" AND quantum) OR (\"atom interferometry\" AND quantum) OR \"quantum imaging\") OR ((\"quantum simulation\" OR \"quantum simulator\" OR \"analogue quantum\" OR \"analog quantum\" OR \"quantum emulation\" OR \"quantum emulator\") NOT (\"optical lattice clock\")) OR (\"post-quantum\" OR (\"pqc\" AND quantum) OR \"quantum-safe\" OR \"quantum-resistant\" OR (\"crypto-agility\" AND quantum) OR (\"cryptographic migration\" AND quantum)))" } } } }