{ "title": "Europe in quantum: JRC-style indicators from open data", "notice": "These indicators follow the structure of the JRC report Future Directions for Quantum Technology in Europe (JRC141050, 2025) but are computed by the portal from open data with published rules. They are not the JRC's figures, which rest on paid data (Orbis, Orbis IP, PitchBook, Scopus) and are only cited here.", "generated": "2026-10-28", "assembled": "2026-10-28", "periods": { "early": [ 2017, 2020 ], "late": [ 2021, 2024 ] }, "method": { "publications": "OpenAlex works (article, review, conference paper) found with the query of each set in title and abstract; shares are of works with at least one author country; whole counting, a work counts once for the EU.", "patents": "EPO patent families read by CPC group, counted by applicant residence; partial until the reader covers the publication months (completeness per period). Shares, co-patenting and growth of a period are null (withheld) until 90% of its publication months are read; the families read so far are still counted.", "funding": "EU contribution (maximum grant agreed, EUR) of the CORDIS and Funding & Tenders projects of the snapshot; pillars by the portal method: the confirmed classification, else the taxonomy rules on the title, else the keyword suggestion of the snapshot when a keyword matched, else not placed; a project of several pillars is split equally.", "founding": "Public companies of the portal with a founding year stated by ROR or Wikidata.", "differences": { "publications": "The JRC counts Scopus records found with its own keyword queries per sector (section 3.8), which it does not publish, and shows them as charts by country. The portal counts OpenAlex works (articles, reviews and conference papers) found with the published queries below; OpenAlex indexes more sources than Scopus and assigns countries from author affiliations, so counts and shares differ. A work is counted once for the EU when at least one author is in a Member State (whole counting).", "patents": "The JRC counts about 30,000 patent families of 2017-2024 from Moody's Orbis IP, found with IPC codes and keywords in the full text, checked by hand and assigned to the ultimate owner's country (section 3.4, footnotes 114 and 117). The portal counts the EPO patent families its reader has read so far in four CPC groups only (no keywords, no manual review, no PQC), by the applicant's residence country, and only as far as the read is complete; quantum sensing is limited to atomic clocks (G04F 5/14).", "funding": "The JRC identifies almost 1,000 EU-funded projects worth about EUR 2 billion from 2012 to 2024 across many programmes, including Chips JU, EuroHPC, QuantERA and COST (section 3.3, table 1). The portal sums the EU contribution of the CORDIS and Funding & Tenders projects in its snapshot (Horizon 2020, Horizon Europe, Digital Europe, CEF, EDF and others), classifies each by its title with the taxonomy's rules and splits a project matching several pillars equally.", "companies": "The JRC counts 441 quantum companies from Moody's Orbis, by location and sector (section 3.2, table 2). The portal lists the companies in its own directory with a founding year only where a source states one; its coverage is European first and is not a world census, so no world share is computed from it.", "co_authorship": "The JRC measures openness through co-patenting (23% of EU patent applications have a non-EU co-applicant). The portal shows co-authorship (OpenAlex works with authors in the EU and in the partner) and, where the patent read allows, co-patenting by applicant residence." } }, "sources": { "publications": { "retrieved": "2026-10-25", "origin": "shipped", "last_year": 2025, "pending": 59 }, "patents": { "stored": 1793155700, "read": 13, "windows": 142, "connected": true, "enabled": true }, "projects": { "cordis": { "records": 1256, "retrieved": "2026-10-16" }, "ft": { "records": 91, "retrieved": "2026-10-21" } }, "companies": 108, "taxonomy": "2.2.0", "method_compiled": "2026-10-25" }, "publications": { "computing": { "label": "Computing and simulation: computing search", "pqc": false, "current": true, "located": { "early": 13008, "late": 27664 }, "world": { "early": 15606, "late": 31038 }, "shares": { "EU27": { "early": 30.1, "late": 28.5 }, "US": { "early": 27.2, "late": 26.8 }, "GB": { "early": 8.9, "late": 6.7 }, "CN": { "early": 22.9, "late": 20.2 } }, "growth": { "EU27": { "early_cagr": 15.7, "late_cagr": 18.9, "change": 101.5 }, "located": { "early_cagr": 18.4, "late_cagr": 20.7, "change": 112.7 } }, "co": { "US": { "early": 17.3, "late": 14.7 }, "GB": { "early": 10.6, "late": 8.8 }, "CN": { "early": 8.6, "late": 5.8 } }, "years": { "2015": { "world": 2590, "located": 2112, "EU27": 630, "US": 501, "GB": 176, "CN": 526, "EU27+US": 91, "EU27+GB": 72, "EU27+CN": 31 }, "2016": { "world": 2672, "located": 2220, "EU27": 655, "US": 578, "GB": 204, "CN": 477, "EU27+US": 110, "EU27+GB": 63, "EU27+CN": 30 }, "2017": { "world": 2954, "located": 2493, "EU27": 791, "US": 638, "GB": 276, "CN": 574, "EU27+US": 137, "EU27+GB": 89, "EU27+CN": 59 }, "2018": { "world": 3441, "located": 2792, "EU27": 805, "US": 743, "GB": 243, "CN": 672, "EU27+US": 150, "EU27+GB": 88, "EU27+CN": 76 }, "2019": { "world": 4286, "located": 3584, "EU27": 1096, "US": 956, "GB": 328, "CN": 858, "EU27+US": 174, "EU27+GB": 113, "EU27+CN": 99 }, "2020": { "world": 4925, "located": 4139, "EU27": 1226, "US": 1197, "GB": 308, "CN": 871, "EU27+US": 215, "EU27+GB": 125, "EU27+CN": 101 }, "2021": { "world": 6108, "located": 5305, "EU27": 1536, "US": 1519, "GB": 421, "CN": 1068, "EU27+US": 209, "EU27+GB": 165, "EU27+CN": 96 }, "2022": { "world": 6535, "located": 5936, "EU27": 1678, "US": 1657, "GB": 424, "CN": 1336, "EU27+US": 258, "EU27+GB": 153, "EU27+CN": 116 }, "2023": { "world": 7901, "located": 7090, "EU27": 2097, "US": 1903, "GB": 456, "CN": 1392, "EU27+US": 327, "EU27+GB": 178, "EU27+CN": 122 }, "2024": { "world": 10494, "located": 9333, "EU27": 2585, "US": 2346, "GB": 558, "CN": 1805, "EU27+US": 370, "EU27+GB": 195, "EU27+CN": 121 }, "2025": { "world": 14579, "located": 12048, "EU27": 3135, "US": 2811, "GB": 743, "CN": 2163, "EU27+US": 423, "EU27+GB": 222, "EU27+CN": 136 } } }, "simulation": { "label": "Computing and simulation: simulation search", "pqc": false, "current": true, "located": { "early": 1432, "late": 2728 }, "world": { "early": 1749, "late": 2930 }, "shares": { "EU27": { "early": 44.3, "late": 36.8 }, "US": { "early": 32.5, "late": 36 }, "GB": { "early": 11.7, "late": 8.1 }, "CN": { "early": 17.9, "late": 21.5 } }, "growth": { "EU27": { "early_cagr": 9.9, "late_cagr": 14.5, "change": 58.4 }, "located": { "early_cagr": 17.9, "late_cagr": 16.3, "change": 90.5 } }, "co": { "US": { "early": 19.7, "late": 22.1 }, "GB": { "early": 12, "late": 12.3 }, "CN": { "early": 9.3, "late": 7.3 } }, "years": { "2015": { "world": 280, "located": 230, "EU27": 113, "US": 62, "GB": 35, "CN": 22, "EU27+US": 16, "EU27+GB": 12, "EU27+CN": 4 }, "2016": { "world": 322, "located": 262, "EU27": 124, "US": 81, "GB": 36, "CN": 35, "EU27+US": 17, "EU27+GB": 16, "EU27+CN": 4 }, "2017": { "world": 338, "located": 281, "EU27": 140, "US": 82, "GB": 34, "CN": 58, "EU27+US": 24, "EU27+GB": 19, "EU27+CN": 11 }, "2018": { "world": 409, "located": 319, "EU27": 160, "US": 92, "GB": 32, "CN": 47, "EU27+US": 26, "EU27+GB": 15, "EU27+CN": 14 }, "2019": { "world": 460, "located": 371, "EU27": 148, "US": 134, "GB": 55, "CN": 56, "EU27+US": 36, "EU27+GB": 23, "EU27+CN": 12 }, "2020": { "world": 542, "located": 461, "EU27": 186, "US": 158, "GB": 46, "CN": 95, "EU27+US": 39, "EU27+GB": 19, "EU27+CN": 22 }, "2021": { "world": 629, "located": 560, "EU27": 217, "US": 206, "GB": 54, "CN": 120, "EU27+US": 57, "EU27+GB": 31, "EU27+CN": 18 }, "2022": { "world": 651, "located": 617, "EU27": 223, "US": 234, "GB": 46, "CN": 155, "EU27+US": 52, "EU27+GB": 28, "EU27+CN": 21 }, "2023": { "world": 713, "located": 670, "EU27": 238, "US": 243, "GB": 44, "CN": 126, "EU27+US": 55, "EU27+GB": 23, "EU27+CN": 16 }, "2024": { "world": 937, "located": 881, "EU27": 326, "US": 300, "GB": 78, "CN": 185, "EU27+US": 58, "EU27+GB": 41, "EU27+CN": 18 }, "2025": { "world": 1173, "located": 1031, "EU27": 340, "US": 342, "GB": 70, "CN": 211, "EU27+US": 74, "EU27+GB": 34, "EU27+CN": 24 } } }, "communication": { "label": "Quantum communication", "pqc": false, "current": true, "located": { "early": 4451, "late": 7193 }, "world": { "early": 5200, "late": 7900 }, "shares": { "EU27": { "early": 27.5, "late": 28.2 }, "US": { "early": 17.6, "late": 17.5 }, "GB": { "early": 10.6, "late": 7.6 }, "CN": { "early": 35.7, "late": 32.6 } }, "growth": { "EU27": { "early_cagr": 5.9, "late_cagr": 14.2, "change": 65.9 }, "located": { "early_cagr": 10.8, "late_cagr": 13.8, "change": 61.6 } }, "co": { "US": { "early": 11.4, "late": 9.8 }, "GB": { "early": 14.3, "late": 9.3 }, "CN": { "early": 9.9, "late": 7.5 } }, "years": { "2015": { "world": 841, "located": 702, "EU27": 187, "US": 143, "GB": 53, "CN": 223, "EU27+US": 28, "EU27+GB": 25, "EU27+CN": 6 }, "2016": { "world": 995, "located": 826, "EU27": 230, "US": 169, "GB": 78, "CN": 260, "EU27+US": 30, "EU27+GB": 20, "EU27+CN": 10 }, "2017": { "world": 1104, "located": 922, "EU27": 277, "US": 152, "GB": 108, "CN": 292, "EU27+US": 27, "EU27+GB": 39, "EU27+CN": 15 }, "2018": { "world": 1197, "located": 1016, "EU27": 260, "US": 210, "GB": 109, "CN": 350, "EU27+US": 33, "EU27+GB": 41, "EU27+CN": 30 }, "2019": { "world": 1476, "located": 1260, "EU27": 357, "US": 207, "GB": 123, "CN": 479, "EU27+US": 39, "EU27+GB": 49, "EU27+CN": 32 }, "2020": { "world": 1423, "located": 1253, "EU27": 329, "US": 215, "GB": 130, "CN": 470, "EU27+US": 40, "EU27+GB": 46, "EU27+CN": 44 }, "2021": { "world": 1666, "located": 1498, "EU27": 435, "US": 244, "GB": 137, "CN": 510, "EU27+US": 38, "EU27+GB": 50, "EU27+CN": 37 }, "2022": { "world": 1699, "located": 1581, "EU27": 399, "US": 286, "GB": 132, "CN": 565, "EU27+US": 41, "EU27+GB": 44, "EU27+CN": 36 }, "2023": { "world": 2095, "located": 1909, "EU27": 547, "US": 339, "GB": 156, "CN": 607, "EU27+US": 58, "EU27+GB": 52, "EU27+CN": 40 }, "2024": { "world": 2440, "located": 2205, "EU27": 648, "US": 387, "GB": 120, "CN": 662, "EU27+US": 62, "EU27+GB": 42, "EU27+CN": 40 }, "2025": { "world": 3407, "located": 2953, "EU27": 867, "US": 456, "GB": 167, "CN": 858, "EU27+US": 72, "EU27+GB": 42, "EU27+CN": 48 } } }, "sensing": { "label": "Quantum sensing and metrology", "pqc": false, "current": true, "located": { "early": 2446, "late": 4548 }, "world": { "early": 2865, "late": 5080 }, "shares": { "EU27": { "early": 36.7, "late": 31.2 }, "US": { "early": 24.7, "late": 25.7 }, "GB": { "early": 12.1, "late": 8.9 }, "CN": { "early": 22.2, "late": 26.8 } }, "growth": { "EU27": { "early_cagr": 14.8, "late_cagr": 13.1, "change": 58.4 }, "located": { "early_cagr": 15.9, "late_cagr": 16.6, "change": 85.9 } }, "co": { "US": { "early": 16.7, "late": 16 }, "GB": { "early": 14.3, "late": 11.6 }, "CN": { "early": 8.7, "late": 8.7 } }, "years": { "2015": { "world": 412, "located": 352, "EU27": 122, "US": 83, "GB": 30, "CN": 72, "EU27+US": 11, "EU27+GB": 13, "EU27+CN": 3 }, "2016": { "world": 506, "located": 439, "EU27": 162, "US": 110, "GB": 40, "CN": 80, "EU27+US": 27, "EU27+GB": 12, "EU27+CN": 7 }, "2017": { "world": 567, "located": 478, "EU27": 174, "US": 106, "GB": 59, "CN": 111, "EU27+US": 20, "EU27+GB": 22, "EU27+CN": 15 }, "2018": { "world": 602, "located": 509, "EU27": 187, "US": 129, "GB": 57, "CN": 115, "EU27+US": 35, "EU27+GB": 24, "EU27+CN": 14 }, "2019": { "world": 838, "located": 715, "EU27": 273, "US": 165, "GB": 94, "CN": 152, "EU27+US": 51, "EU27+GB": 45, "EU27+CN": 23 }, "2020": { "world": 858, "located": 744, "EU27": 263, "US": 203, "GB": 86, "CN": 164, "EU27+US": 44, "EU27+GB": 37, "EU27+CN": 26 }, "2021": { "world": 1046, "located": 910, "EU27": 312, "US": 232, "GB": 112, "CN": 218, "EU27+US": 48, "EU27+GB": 57, "EU27+CN": 23 }, "2022": { "world": 1078, "located": 988, "EU27": 299, "US": 260, "GB": 100, "CN": 288, "EU27+US": 48, "EU27+GB": 39, "EU27+CN": 32 }, "2023": { "world": 1330, "located": 1207, "EU27": 359, "US": 296, "GB": 89, "CN": 333, "EU27+US": 56, "EU27+GB": 31, "EU27+CN": 33 }, "2024": { "world": 1626, "located": 1443, "EU27": 451, "US": 380, "GB": 105, "CN": 381, "EU27+US": 76, "EU27+GB": 38, "EU27+CN": 36 }, "2025": { "world": 2200, "located": 1877, "EU27": 548, "US": 393, "GB": 126, "CN": 568, "EU27+US": 76, "EU27+GB": 41, "EU27+CN": 38 } } }, "pqc": { "label": "Post-quantum cryptography (shown separately)", "pqc": true, "current": true, "located": { "early": 1177, "late": 3582 }, "world": { "early": 1441, "late": 4103 }, "shares": { "EU27": { "early": 31.8, "late": 27.7 }, "US": { "early": 21.3, "late": 16.9 }, "GB": { "early": 8.6, "late": 6.1 }, "CN": { "early": 17.1, "late": 17.6 } }, "growth": { "EU27": { "early_cagr": 30.9, "late_cagr": 22.9, "change": 165 }, "located": { "early_cagr": 40, "late_cagr": 30.2, "change": 204.3 } }, "co": { "US": { "early": 14.7, "late": 10 }, "GB": { "early": 8.6, "late": 7.1 }, "CN": { "early": 3.7, "late": 2.2 } }, "years": { "2015": { "world": 79, "located": 60, "EU27": 21, "US": 7, "GB": 5, "CN": 14, "EU27+US": 2, "EU27+GB": 2, "EU27+CN": 0 }, "2016": { "world": 116, "located": 96, "EU27": 30, "US": 21, "GB": 10, "CN": 17, "EU27+US": 5, "EU27+GB": 4, "EU27+CN": 0 }, "2017": { "world": 199, "located": 160, "EU27": 58, "US": 41, "GB": 13, "CN": 24, "EU27+US": 16, "EU27+GB": 3, "EU27+CN": 2 }, "2018": { "world": 290, "located": 236, "EU27": 71, "US": 52, "GB": 27, "CN": 44, "EU27+US": 11, "EU27+GB": 10, "EU27+CN": 4 }, "2019": { "world": 410, "located": 342, "EU27": 115, "US": 62, "GB": 31, "CN": 64, "EU27+US": 10, "EU27+GB": 12, "EU27+CN": 3 }, "2020": { "world": 542, "located": 439, "EU27": 130, "US": 96, "GB": 30, "CN": 69, "EU27+US": 18, "EU27+GB": 7, "EU27+CN": 5 }, "2021": { "world": 708, "located": 620, "EU27": 180, "US": 123, "GB": 41, "CN": 118, "EU27+US": 19, "EU27+GB": 19, "EU27+CN": 7 }, "2022": { "world": 786, "located": 702, "EU27": 221, "US": 116, "GB": 46, "CN": 136, "EU27+US": 24, "EU27+GB": 10, "EU27+CN": 6 }, "2023": { "world": 1007, "located": 892, "EU27": 256, "US": 156, "GB": 60, "CN": 149, "EU27+US": 25, "EU27+GB": 18, "EU27+CN": 3 }, "2024": { "world": 1602, "located": 1368, "EU27": 334, "US": 209, "GB": 71, "CN": 227, "EU27+US": 31, "EU27+GB": 23, "EU27+CN": 6 }, "2025": { "world": 3174, "located": 2434, "EU27": 481, "US": 370, "GB": 122, "CN": 334, "EU27+US": 51, "EU27+GB": 36, "EU27+CN": 12 } } }, "total": { "label": "Quantum technologies, without PQC", "pqc": false, "current": true, "located": { "early": 19184, "late": 37515 }, "world": { "early": 22945, "late": 41928 }, "shares": { "EU27": { "early": 31, "late": 29.2 }, "US": { "early": 24.9, "late": 25.2 }, "GB": { "early": 9.6, "late": 7.2 }, "CN": { "early": 24.9, "late": 23.1 } }, "growth": { "EU27": { "early_cagr": 13.5, "late_cagr": 16.9, "change": 83.8 }, "located": { "early_cagr": 16.2, "late_cagr": 18.5, "change": 95.6 } }, "co": { "US": { "early": 16.2, "late": 14.3 }, "GB": { "early": 11.6, "late": 9.3 }, "CN": { "early": 8.6, "late": 6.4 } }, "years": { "2015": { "world": 3794, "located": 3118, "EU27": 971, "US": 715, "GB": 275, "CN": 769, "EU27+US": 130, "EU27+GB": 116, "EU27+CN": 41 }, "2016": { "world": 4103, "located": 3395, "EU27": 1054, "US": 851, "GB": 315, "CN": 760, "EU27+US": 169, "EU27+GB": 101, "EU27+CN": 45 }, "2017": { "world": 4501, "located": 3768, "EU27": 1223, "US": 889, "GB": 425, "CN": 931, "EU27+US": 189, "EU27+GB": 149, "EU27+CN": 83 }, "2018": { "world": 5130, "located": 4190, "EU27": 1263, "US": 1042, "GB": 385, "CN": 1064, "EU27+US": 218, "EU27+GB": 139, "EU27+CN": 118 }, "2019": { "world": 6353, "located": 5313, "EU27": 1680, "US": 1289, "GB": 534, "CN": 1368, "EU27+US": 263, "EU27+GB": 208, "EU27+CN": 150 }, "2020": { "world": 6961, "located": 5913, "EU27": 1790, "US": 1565, "GB": 495, "CN": 1421, "EU27+US": 292, "EU27+GB": 196, "EU27+CN": 164 }, "2021": { "world": 8463, "located": 7378, "EU27": 2215, "US": 1940, "GB": 645, "CN": 1696, "EU27+US": 305, "EU27+GB": 270, "EU27+CN": 155 }, "2022": { "world": 8941, "located": 8172, "EU27": 2325, "US": 2148, "GB": 632, "CN": 2075, "EU27+US": 349, "EU27+GB": 238, "EU27+CN": 174 }, "2023": { "world": 10737, "located": 9675, "EU27": 2867, "US": 2421, "GB": 665, "CN": 2187, "EU27+US": 420, "EU27+GB": 247, "EU27+CN": 181 }, "2024": { "world": 13787, "located": 12290, "EU27": 3542, "US": 2939, "GB": 759, "CN": 2697, "EU27+US": 489, "EU27+GB": 268, "EU27+CN": 186 }, "2025": { "world": 19090, "located": 15908, "EU27": 4317, "US": 3480, "GB": 988, "CN": 3371, "EU27+US": 562, "EU27+GB": 301, "EU27+CN": 216 } } }, "total_pqc": { "label": "Quantum technologies, with PQC", "pqc": true, "current": true, "located": { "early": 19988, "late": 39535 }, "world": { "early": 23930, "late": 44227 }, "shares": { "EU27": { "early": 31.1, "late": 29.3 }, "US": { "early": 24.8, "late": 24.8 }, "GB": { "early": 9.5, "late": 7.2 }, "CN": { "early": 24.6, "late": 22.8 } }, "growth": { "EU27": { "early_cagr": 14.2, "late_cagr": 17.1, "change": 86.4 }, "located": { "early_cagr": 16.9, "late_cagr": 18.8, "change": 97.8 } }, "co": { "US": { "early": 16.2, "late": 14.1 }, "GB": { "early": 11.4, "late": 9.3 }, "CN": { "early": 8.5, "late": 6.2 } }, "years": { "2015": { "world": 3841, "located": 3152, "EU27": 982, "US": 717, "GB": 278, "CN": 777, "EU27+US": 130, "EU27+GB": 117, "EU27+CN": 41 }, "2016": { "world": 4185, "located": 3462, "EU27": 1074, "US": 867, "GB": 319, "CN": 774, "EU27+US": 173, "EU27+GB": 102, "EU27+CN": 45 }, "2017": { "world": 4641, "located": 3881, "EU27": 1262, "US": 923, "GB": 432, "CN": 947, "EU27+US": 200, "EU27+GB": 151, "EU27+CN": 84 }, "2018": { "world": 5334, "located": 4359, "EU27": 1311, "US": 1084, "GB": 402, "CN": 1091, "EU27+US": 228, "EU27+GB": 142, "EU27+CN": 121 }, "2019": { "world": 6636, "located": 5545, "EU27": 1757, "US": 1330, "GB": 555, "CN": 1404, "EU27+US": 270, "EU27+GB": 216, "EU27+CN": 151 }, "2020": { "world": 7319, "located": 6203, "EU27": 1881, "US": 1627, "GB": 511, "CN": 1472, "EU27+US": 307, "EU27+GB": 202, "EU27+CN": 169 }, "2021": { "world": 8896, "located": 7760, "EU27": 2337, "US": 2027, "GB": 672, "CN": 1768, "EU27+US": 322, "EU27+GB": 284, "EU27+CN": 162 }, "2022": { "world": 9398, "located": 8576, "EU27": 2468, "US": 2213, "GB": 654, "CN": 2150, "EU27+US": 369, "EU27+GB": 245, "EU27+CN": 179 }, "2023": { "world": 11300, "located": 10188, "EU27": 3016, "US": 2517, "GB": 708, "CN": 2280, "EU27+US": 434, "EU27+GB": 262, "EU27+CN": 182 }, "2024": { "world": 14633, "located": 13011, "EU27": 3757, "US": 3061, "GB": 805, "CN": 2831, "EU27+US": 509, "EU27+GB": 287, "EU27+CN": 191 }, "2025": { "world": 20699, "located": 17135, "EU27": 4591, "US": 3667, "GB": 1054, "CN": 3551, "EU27+US": 597, "EU27+GB": 325, "EU27+CN": 222 } } } }, "patents": { "status": "ok", "scopes": { "all": { "periods": { "early": { "known": 125, "eu": null, "shares": { "EU": null, "US": null, "CN": null, "GB": null, "JP": null }, "co": { "EU+nonEU": null, "EU+US": null, "EU+GB": null, "EU+CN": null }, "completeness": 0, "partial": true, "withheld": true }, "late": { "known": 2208, "eu": null, "shares": { "EU": null, "US": null, "CN": null, "GB": null, "JP": null }, "co": { "EU+nonEU": null, "EU+US": null, "EU+GB": null, "EU+CN": null }, "completeness": 0.1164, "partial": true, "withheld": true } }, "growth": { "EU": { "early_cagr": null, "late_cagr": null }, "known": { "early_cagr": null, "late_cagr": null } } }, "computing": { "periods": { "early": { "known": 112, "eu": null, "shares": { "EU": null, "US": null, "CN": null, "GB": null, "JP": null }, "co": { "EU+nonEU": null, "EU+US": null, "EU+GB": null, "EU+CN": null }, "completeness": 0, "partial": true, "withheld": true }, "late": { "known": 1717, "eu": null, "shares": { "EU": null, "US": null, "CN": null, "GB": null, "JP": null }, "co": { "EU+nonEU": null, "EU+US": null, "EU+GB": null, "EU+CN": null }, "completeness": 0.1164, "partial": true, "withheld": true } }, "growth": { "EU": { "early_cagr": null, "late_cagr": null }, "known": { "early_cagr": null, "late_cagr": null } } }, "communication": { "periods": { "early": { "known": 16, "eu": null, "shares": { "EU": null, "US": null, "CN": null, "GB": null, "JP": null }, "co": { "EU+nonEU": null, "EU+US": null, "EU+GB": null, "EU+CN": null }, "completeness": 0, "partial": true, "withheld": true }, "late": { "known": 556, "eu": null, "shares": { "EU": null, "US": null, "CN": null, "GB": null, "JP": null }, "co": { "EU+nonEU": null, "EU+US": null, "EU+GB": null, "EU+CN": null }, "completeness": 0.1164, "partial": true, "withheld": true } }, "growth": { "EU": { "early_cagr": null, "late_cagr": null }, "known": { "early_cagr": null, "late_cagr": null } } }, "sensing": { "periods": { "early": { "known": 2, "eu": null, "shares": { "EU": null, "US": null, "CN": null, "GB": null, "JP": null }, "co": { "EU+nonEU": null, "EU+US": null, "EU+GB": null, "EU+CN": null }, "completeness": 0, "partial": true, "withheld": true }, "late": { "known": 62, "eu": null, "shares": { "EU": null, "US": null, "CN": null, "GB": null, "JP": null }, "co": { "EU+nonEU": null, "EU+US": null, "EU+GB": null, "EU+CN": null }, "completeness": 0.1164, "partial": true, "withheld": true } }, "growth": { "EU": { "early_cagr": null, "late_cagr": null }, "known": { "early_cagr": null, "late_cagr": null } } } } }, "funding": { "projects": 1347, "amount": 3107634478.1900024, "average": 2307078.306005941, "first": 2015, "last": 2027, "methods": { "confirmed": 422, "title-rules": 9, "keyword-suggestion": 660, "none": 256 }, "pillars": { "computing": { "projects": 584, "amount": 1158585638.2199993 }, "communication": { "projects": 199.5, "amount": 657550440.4500003 }, "sensing": { "projects": 230.5, "amount": 680686146.8699995 }, "enabling": { "projects": 45, "amount": 140906118.70999998 }, "quantum-safe-security": { "projects": 32, "amount": 104218442.1 }, "none": { "projects": 256, "amount": 365687691.84000003 } }, "programmes": { "Horizon Europe": { "projects": 647, "amount": 1657848760.199999, "with_amount": 647, "average": 2562362.844204017 }, "Horizon 2020": { "projects": 609, "amount": 1004633241.6500012, "with_amount": 609, "average": 1649644.074958951 }, "Digital Europe Programme": { "projects": 52, "amount": 236779227.48, "with_amount": 52, "average": 4553446.682307692 }, "Connecting Europe Facility": { "projects": 20, "amount": 96353445.16000001, "with_amount": 20, "average": 4817672.258 }, "European Defence Fund": { "projects": 13, "amount": 95932744.36999999, "with_amount": 13, "average": 7379441.874615384 }, "Erasmus+": { "projects": 4, "amount": 14585619.75, "with_amount": 4, "average": 3646404.9375 }, "Single Market Programme": { "projects": 2, "amount": 1501439.58, "with_amount": 2, "average": 750719.79 } }, "totals": { "with_pqc": 3107634478.1900024, "without_pqc": 3003416036.0900025 } }, "founding": { "companies": 108, "known": 93, "eu_known": 28, "other_known": 65, "years": { "earlier": { "EU": 6, "other": 14 }, "2000": { "EU": 2, "other": 1 }, "2001": { "EU": 2, "other": 1 }, "2002": { "EU": 0, "other": 1 }, "2003": { "EU": 0, "other": 1 }, "2004": { "EU": 2, "other": 1 }, "2005": { "EU": 0, "other": 1 }, "2006": { "EU": 0, "other": 0 }, "2007": { "EU": 1, "other": 2 }, "2008": { "EU": 1, "other": 3 }, "2009": { "EU": 0, "other": 2 }, "2010": { "EU": 1, "other": 0 }, "2011": { "EU": 0, "other": 1 }, "2012": { "EU": 0, "other": 2 }, "2013": { "EU": 0, "other": 3 }, "2014": { "EU": 0, "other": 2 }, "2015": { "EU": 0, "other": 4 }, "2016": { "EU": 1, "other": 3 }, "2017": { "EU": 3, "other": 3 }, "2018": { "EU": 2, "other": 9 }, "2019": { "EU": 2, "other": 2 }, "2020": { "EU": 3, "other": 1 }, "2021": { "EU": 0, "other": 5 }, "2022": { "EU": 2, "other": 3 }, "2023": { "EU": 0, "other": 0 }, "2024": { "EU": 0, "other": 0 }, "2025": { "EU": 0, "other": 0 }, "2026": { "EU": 0, "other": 0 } }, "young": { "EU": 25, "other": 16.9 } }, "jrc_figures": [ { "id": "companies-share", "indicator": "companies", "text": "Of 441 quantum companies located worldwide, 141 (32%) are based in the EU, about one quarter in the US and 5% in China.", "report": "jrc141050", "locator": "Section 3.2, PDF page 26; table 2, PDF page 27", "basis": "Moody's Orbis", "source": { "title": "JRC141050 Future Directions for Quantum Technology in Europe", "url": "https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC141050" }, "label": "Based on paid data, not reproduced here" }, { "id": "companies-young", "indicator": "companies", "text": "60% of EU quantum companies were established after 2018 (50% in China), against 29% of US companies.", "report": "jrc141050", "locator": "Section 3.2, PDF page 26", "basis": "Moody's Orbis", "source": { "title": "JRC141050 Future Directions for Quantum Technology in Europe", "url": "https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC141050" }, "label": "Based on paid data, not reproduced here" }, { "id": "patents-share", "indicator": "patents", "text": "China owns 46% of the world's quantum patents and the US 23%; Japan and the EU 6% each.", "report": "jrc141050", "locator": "Section 3.4, PDF page 27", "basis": "Moody's Orbis IP", "source": { "title": "JRC141050 Future Directions for Quantum Technology in Europe", "url": "https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC141050" }, "label": "Based on paid data, not reproduced here" }, { "id": "patents-sector-share", "indicator": "patents", "text": "The EU ranks fourth in all four technologies, with about 10% of patents in quantum sensing, 9% in PQC and around 6% in quantum computing and in quantum communications.", "report": "jrc141050", "locator": "Section 3.4, PDF page 27", "basis": "Moody's Orbis IP", "source": { "title": "JRC141050 Future Directions for Quantum Technology in Europe", "url": "https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC141050" }, "label": "Based on paid data, not reproduced here" }, { "id": "patents-growth", "indicator": "patents", "text": "About 30,000 quantum patent families were filed in 2017-2024 (59% computing, 27% communications, 10% sensing, 4% PQC). The EU's 1,752 families grew at a compound annual rate of 50% in 2017-20 and 52% in 2021-24, against 46% and 25% worldwide.", "report": "jrc141050", "locator": "Section 3.4, table 3, PDF page 27", "basis": "Moody's Orbis IP, extracted December 2024", "source": { "title": "JRC141050 Future Directions for Quantum Technology in Europe", "url": "https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC141050" }, "label": "Based on paid data, not reproduced here" }, { "id": "co-patenting", "indicator": "co_authorship", "text": "About 23% of EU quantum patent applications are co-patented with applicants outside the EU, against 3% for China, 6% for the US and 9% for Japan.", "report": "jrc141050", "locator": "Section 3.4.2, PDF page 28", "basis": "Moody's Orbis IP", "source": { "title": "JRC141050 Future Directions for Quantum Technology in Europe", "url": "https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC141050" }, "label": "Based on paid data, not reproduced here" }, { "id": "funding-total", "indicator": "funding", "text": "Almost 1,000 EU-funded quantum projects (964) received about EUR 2 billion, an average of EUR 2.1 million per project; about 95% of the projects were funded through Horizon 2020 and Horizon Europe, about 70% of the budget.", "report": "jrc141050", "locator": "Section 3.3, table 1, PDF page 24", "basis": "JRC compilation of EU programme data", "source": { "title": "JRC141050 Future Directions for Quantum Technology in Europe", "url": "https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC141050" }, "label": "Based on paid data, not reproduced here" }, { "id": "funding-period", "indicator": "funding", "text": "The European Commission invested more than EUR 2 billion in quantum technology between 2012 and 2024.", "report": "jrc-news-2025-10-13", "locator": "JRC news, 13 October 2025", "basis": "JRC compilation of EU programme data", "source": { "title": "JRC news, 13 October 2025: Quantum technology: 32% of the companies, but only 6% of patents are from the EU", "url": "https://joint-research-centre.ec.europa.eu/jrc-news-and-updates/quantum-technology-32-companies-only-6-patents-are-eu-2025-10-13_en" }, "label": "Based on paid data, not reproduced here" }, { "id": "publications-rank", "indicator": "publications", "text": "In publications the EU is second only to the US or China, depending on the quantum sector.", "report": "jrc141050", "locator": "Key conclusions, PDF page 5", "basis": "Scopus, downloaded April and July 2025", "source": { "title": "JRC141050 Future Directions for Quantum Technology in Europe", "url": "https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC141050" }, "label": "Based on paid data, not reproduced here" } ] }