{
    "concept": {
        "id": "a2-quantum-memories",
        "code": "A2",
        "label": "Quantum memories",
        "platform": "https://www.epo.org/en/searching-for-patents/technology-platforms/quantum-technologies/communication"
    },
    "stored": 1793628794,
    "status": "stored",
    "messages": [
        {
            "text": "The OPS queries of the concept returned 103 patent families; 92 remain after 11 were screened out as false positives.",
            "facts": [
                1
            ]
        },
        {
            "text": "Applicants based in the United States appear on 29 families of the core, in the United Kingdom on 11, in South Korea on 7 and in Japan on 4.",
            "facts": [
                2
            ]
        },
        {
            "text": "Applicants based in EU Member States appear on 5 of the 92 families (5.4%).",
            "facts": [
                3
            ]
        },
        {
            "text": "University of Science and Technology of China holds the most families, 7 in total.",
            "facts": [
                4
            ]
        },
        {
            "text": "The latest phase, systems and networks from 2019, holds 48 families (52.2% of the core), 6 a year.",
            "facts": [
                5
            ]
        },
        {
            "text": "3 families of the core have an EP publication among the documents returned (a lower bound).",
            "facts": [
                6
            ]
        },
        {
            "text": "Yttrium needs a Chinese export licence under MOFCOM and GACC Announcement No. 18 of 2025, in force since 4 April 2025.",
            "facts": [
                7
            ]
        },
        {
            "text": "10 standards tracker items are linked to the concept as the context a deployment would sit in.",
            "facts": [
                8
            ]
        },
        {
            "text": "CORDIS lists 39 projects classified under the concept's taxonomy families.",
            "facts": [
                9
            ]
        }
    ],
    "facts": [
        {
            "n": 1,
            "key": "core",
            "statement": "The OPS queries of the concept returned 103 patent families; 92 remain after 11 were screened out as false positives.",
            "value": 92,
            "year": null,
            "source": "epo-ops"
        },
        {
            "n": 2,
            "key": "nationality",
            "statement": "Applicants based in the United States appear on 29 families of the core, in the United Kingdom on 11, in South Korea on 7 and in Japan on 4.",
            "value": 29,
            "year": null,
            "source": "epo-ops"
        },
        {
            "n": 3,
            "key": "eu",
            "statement": "Applicants based in EU Member States appear on 5 of the 92 families (5.4%).",
            "value": 5,
            "year": null,
            "source": "epo-ops"
        },
        {
            "n": 4,
            "key": "leaders",
            "statement": "University of Science and Technology of China holds the most families, 7 in total.",
            "value": 7,
            "year": null,
            "source": "epo-ops"
        },
        {
            "n": 5,
            "key": "phase",
            "statement": "The latest phase, systems and networks from 2019, holds 48 families (52.2% of the core), 6 a year.",
            "value": 48,
            "year": null,
            "source": "epo-ops"
        },
        {
            "n": 6,
            "key": "ep",
            "statement": "3 families of the core have an EP publication among the documents returned (a lower bound).",
            "value": 3,
            "year": null,
            "source": "epo-ops"
        },
        {
            "n": 7,
            "key": "control-yttrium",
            "statement": "Yttrium needs a Chinese export licence under MOFCOM and GACC Announcement No. 18 of 2025, in force since 4 April 2025.",
            "value": null,
            "year": null,
            "source": "mofcom-2025-18"
        },
        {
            "n": 8,
            "key": "standards",
            "statement": "10 standards tracker items are linked to the concept as the context a deployment would sit in.",
            "value": 10,
            "year": null,
            "source": "standards-tracker"
        },
        {
            "n": 9,
            "key": "cordis",
            "statement": "CORDIS lists 39 projects classified under the concept's taxonomy families.",
            "value": 39,
            "year": null,
            "source": "cordis"
        }
    ],
    "landscape": {
        "found": 103,
        "core": 92,
        "excluded": [
            {
                "family": "71000292",
                "title": "Non-volatile optical storage unit based on Van der Waals heterojunction and preparation method of non-volatile optical storage unit",
                "reason": "No quantum class and no quantum term in the title."
            },
            {
                "family": "67392021",
                "title": "On-chip detection of spin states in color centers for metrology and information processing",
                "reason": "No quantum class and no quantum term in the title."
            },
            {
                "family": "35025573",
                "title": "WRITING AND READING METHOD OF OPTICAL SEMICONDUCTOR STORAGE DEVICE",
                "reason": "No quantum class and no quantum term in the title."
            },
            {
                "family": "34422958",
                "title": "Photonic interconnect system",
                "reason": "No quantum class and no quantum term in the title."
            },
            {
                "family": "26941896",
                "title": "Variable semiconductor all-optical buffer using slow light based on electromagnetically induced transparency",
                "reason": "No quantum class and no quantum term in the title."
            },
            {
                "family": "26911363",
                "title": "Optical devices based on resonant configurational effects",
                "reason": "No quantum class and no quantum term in the title."
            },
            {
                "family": "25345184",
                "title": "IMPROVED SURFACE-ENHANCED RAMAN OPTICAL DATA STORAGE SYSTEM",
                "reason": "Title names optical data storage and no quantum term."
            },
            {
                "family": "18336782",
                "title": "OPTICALLY-DRIVEN QUANTIZATION DEVICE",
                "reason": "No quantum class and no quantum term in the title."
            },
            {
                "family": "11677505",
                "title": "MULTI-PHOTON IRRADIATIVE CREATION OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL PATTERNED PRODUCTS",
                "reason": "No quantum class and no quantum term in the title."
            },
            {
                "family": "05792553",
                "title": "MAGNETOELECTRONIC SEMICONDUCTOR ARRANGEMENTS",
                "reason": "No quantum class and no quantum term in the title."
            },
            {
                "family": "25258017",
                "title": "LASER RECORDING SYSTEM USING PHOTOMAGNETICALLY MAGNETIZABLE STORAGE MEDIUM",
                "reason": "No quantum class and no quantum term in the title."
            }
        ],
        "years": {
            "1994": 1,
            "1995": 1,
            "1996": 0,
            "1997": 1,
            "1998": 3,
            "1999": 1,
            "2000": 2,
            "2001": 4,
            "2002": 1,
            "2003": 0,
            "2004": 1,
            "2005": 1,
            "2006": 0,
            "2007": 1,
            "2008": 2,
            "2009": 3,
            "2010": 0,
            "2011": 2,
            "2012": 3,
            "2013": 0,
            "2014": 1,
            "2015": 2,
            "2016": 5,
            "2017": 5,
            "2018": 3,
            "2019": 7,
            "2020": 11,
            "2021": 2,
            "2022": 9,
            "2023": 4,
            "2024": 10,
            "2025": 5,
            "2026": 0
        },
        "incomplete": [
            2025,
            2026
        ],
        "phases": [
            {
                "label": "Early concepts",
                "from": 1994,
                "to": 2015,
                "families": 30,
                "share": 32.6,
                "per_year": 1.4
            },
            {
                "label": "Platform build-up",
                "from": 2016,
                "to": 2018,
                "families": 13,
                "share": 14.1,
                "per_year": 4.3
            },
            {
                "label": "Systems and networks",
                "from": 2019,
                "to": 2026,
                "families": 48,
                "share": 52.2,
                "per_year": 6
            }
        ],
        "domains": {
            "D1": 10,
            "D2": 12,
            "D3": 6,
            "D4": 27,
            "D5": 9,
            "D6": 16,
            "D7": 15,
            "D8": 28
        },
        "applicants": [
            {
                "rank": 1,
                "label": "University of Science and Technology of China",
                "country": "CN",
                "families": 7,
                "first": 2017,
                "last": 2025,
                "since_2019": 6,
                "cpc": 6,
                "ipc": 5,
                "domains": {
                    "D4": 2,
                    "D7": 1,
                    "D6": 2,
                    "D8": 3
                }
            },
            {
                "rank": 2,
                "label": "Corning",
                "country": "US",
                "families": 5,
                "first": 2016,
                "last": 2022,
                "since_2019": 1,
                "cpc": 11,
                "ipc": 8,
                "domains": {
                    "D1": 4,
                    "D4": 2,
                    "D6": 3
                }
            },
            {
                "rank": 2,
                "label": "Orca Computing",
                "country": "GB",
                "families": 5,
                "first": 2020,
                "last": 2024,
                "since_2019": 5,
                "cpc": 5,
                "ipc": 4,
                "domains": {
                    "D8": 3,
                    "D4": 2,
                    "D7": 1
                }
            },
            {
                "rank": 4,
                "label": "Harvard University",
                "country": "US",
                "families": 4,
                "first": 2007,
                "last": 2020,
                "since_2019": 2,
                "cpc": 7,
                "ipc": 6,
                "domains": {
                    "D8": 1,
                    "D3": 1,
                    "D5": 1,
                    "D6": 1,
                    "D7": 2,
                    "D4": 1
                }
            },
            {
                "rank": 5,
                "label": "Gwangju Inst Science & Tech",
                "country": "KR",
                "families": 3,
                "first": 2017,
                "last": 2020,
                "since_2019": 1,
                "cpc": 5,
                "ipc": 4,
                "domains": {
                    "D8": 1,
                    "D1": 1,
                    "D4": 1,
                    "D7": 2,
                    "D6": 1
                }
            },
            {
                "rank": 6,
                "label": "Atom Computing",
                "country": "US",
                "families": 2,
                "first": 2023,
                "last": 2024,
                "since_2019": 2,
                "cpc": 3,
                "ipc": 1,
                "domains": {
                    "D7": 2,
                    "D4": 1
                }
            },
            {
                "rank": 6,
                "label": "Centre Nat Rech Scient",
                "country": "FR",
                "families": 2,
                "first": 2012,
                "last": 2022,
                "since_2019": 1,
                "cpc": 4,
                "ipc": 3,
                "domains": {
                    "D4": 1,
                    "D1": 1
                }
            },
            {
                "rank": 6,
                "label": "Inha Ind Partnership Inst",
                "country": "KR",
                "families": 2,
                "first": 2008,
                "last": 2012,
                "since_2019": 0,
                "cpc": 5,
                "ipc": 5,
                "domains": {
                    "D1": 1,
                    "D3": 1,
                    "D4": 1,
                    "D8": 1
                }
            },
            {
                "rank": 6,
                "label": "Ionq",
                "country": "US",
                "families": 2,
                "first": 2024,
                "last": 2024,
                "since_2019": 2,
                "cpc": 5,
                "ipc": 5,
                "domains": {
                    "D2": 2,
                    "D4": 1
                }
            },
            {
                "rank": 6,
                "label": "Lightsynq Tech",
                "country": "US",
                "families": 2,
                "first": 2022,
                "last": 2022,
                "since_2019": 2,
                "cpc": 7,
                "ipc": 3,
                "domains": {
                    "D2": 1,
                    "D6": 1,
                    "D4": 1
                }
            },
            {
                "rank": 6,
                "label": "Massachusetts Inst Technology",
                "country": "US",
                "families": 2,
                "first": 2019,
                "last": 2020,
                "since_2019": 2,
                "cpc": 4,
                "ipc": 3,
                "domains": {
                    "D5": 2,
                    "D6": 1,
                    "D7": 1
                }
            },
            {
                "rank": 6,
                "label": "Qunnect",
                "country": "US",
                "families": 2,
                "first": 2021,
                "last": 2023,
                "since_2019": 2,
                "cpc": 6,
                "ipc": 6,
                "domains": {
                    "D3": 2,
                    "D4": 2
                }
            },
            {
                "rank": 6,
                "label": "Toshiba",
                "country": "JP",
                "families": 2,
                "first": 1998,
                "last": 2024,
                "since_2019": 1,
                "cpc": 7,
                "ipc": 4,
                "domains": {
                    "D6": 1,
                    "D4": 1
                }
            },
            {
                "rank": 6,
                "label": "Toshiba Res Europ",
                "country": "GB",
                "families": 2,
                "first": 1999,
                "last": 2011,
                "since_2019": 0,
                "cpc": 6,
                "ipc": 3,
                "domains": {
                    "D4": 1,
                    "D2": 1
                }
            },
            {
                "rank": 6,
                "label": "Univ Harbin Eng",
                "country": "",
                "families": 2,
                "first": 2022,
                "last": 2022,
                "since_2019": 2,
                "cpc": 2,
                "ipc": 1,
                "domains": {
                    "D5": 2
                }
            }
        ],
        "applicant_count": 56,
        "nationality": {
            "US": 29,
            "GB": 11,
            "KR": 7,
            "JP": 4,
            "FR": 3,
            "CN": 3,
            "CA": 2,
            "DE": 2,
            "AU": 1
        },
        "blocs": {
            "US": 29,
            "other": 14,
            "Europe (non-EU)": 11,
            "EU": 5,
            "CN": 3
        },
        "with_applicant": 79,
        "ep_member": 3,
        "breadth": {
            "University of Science and Technology of China": {
                "families": 7,
                "ipc_density": 33.5,
                "cpc_density": 24.1,
                "coverage": 60,
                "balance": 88,
                "breadth": 51.4,
                "class": "Diversified"
            },
            "Corning": {
                "families": 5,
                "ipc_density": 81.2,
                "cpc_density": 99.1,
                "coverage": 40,
                "balance": 78.6,
                "breadth": 74.7,
                "class": "Platform-oriented"
            },
            "Orca Computing": {
                "families": 5,
                "ipc_density": 30.6,
                "cpc_density": 23.2,
                "coverage": 40,
                "balance": 74.9,
                "breadth": 42.2,
                "class": "Diversified"
            },
            "Harvard University": {
                "families": 4,
                "ipc_density": 64.9,
                "cpc_density": 59,
                "coverage": 100,
                "balance": 100,
                "breadth": 81,
                "class": "Platform-oriented"
            },
            "Gwangju Inst Science & Tech": {
                "families": 3,
                "ipc_density": 45.3,
                "cpc_density": 41.6,
                "coverage": 80,
                "balance": 95.3,
                "breadth": 65.6,
                "class": "Diversified"
            },
            "Atom Computing": {
                "families": 2,
                "ipc_density": 0,
                "cpc_density": 20,
                "coverage": 20,
                "balance": 54.4,
                "breadth": 23.6,
                "class": "Focused"
            },
            "Centre Nat Rech Scient": {
                "families": 2,
                "ipc_density": 40,
                "cpc_density": 40,
                "coverage": 20,
                "balance": 61.3,
                "breadth": 40.3,
                "class": "Diversified"
            },
            "Inha Ind Partnership Inst": {
                "families": 2,
                "ipc_density": 80,
                "cpc_density": 60,
                "coverage": 60,
                "balance": 91.9,
                "breadth": 73,
                "class": "Platform-oriented"
            },
            "Ionq": {
                "families": 2,
                "ipc_density": 80,
                "cpc_density": 60,
                "coverage": 20,
                "balance": 54.4,
                "breadth": 53.6,
                "class": "Diversified"
            },
            "Lightsynq Tech": {
                "families": 2,
                "ipc_density": 40,
                "cpc_density": 100,
                "coverage": 40,
                "balance": 81.7,
                "breadth": 65.4,
                "class": "Diversified"
            },
            "Massachusetts Inst Technology": {
                "families": 2,
                "ipc_density": 40,
                "cpc_density": 40,
                "coverage": 40,
                "balance": 76.6,
                "breadth": 49.2,
                "class": "Diversified"
            },
            "Qunnect": {
                "families": 2,
                "ipc_density": 100,
                "cpc_density": 80,
                "coverage": 20,
                "balance": 61.3,
                "breadth": 65.3,
                "class": "Diversified"
            },
            "Toshiba": {
                "families": 2,
                "ipc_density": 60,
                "cpc_density": 100,
                "coverage": 20,
                "balance": 61.3,
                "breadth": 60.3,
                "class": "Diversified"
            },
            "Toshiba Res Europ": {
                "families": 2,
                "ipc_density": 40,
                "cpc_density": 80,
                "coverage": 20,
                "balance": 61.3,
                "breadth": 50.3,
                "class": "Diversified"
            },
            "Univ Harbin Eng": {
                "families": 2,
                "ipc_density": 0,
                "cpc_density": 0,
                "coverage": 0,
                "balance": 0,
                "breadth": 0,
                "class": "Focused"
            }
        },
        "cpc_top": {
            "G11C": 69,
            "B82Y": 52,
            "G06N": 45,
            "G02F": 17,
            "G02B": 15,
            "H10D": 15,
            "H10N": 12,
            "H10F": 7,
            "H04B": 6,
            "H04L": 5
        },
        "ipc_top": {
            "G11C": 59,
            "G06N": 53,
            "B82Y": 19,
            "H01L": 16,
            "G02B": 15,
            "G02F": 11,
            "H10N": 11,
            "H04B": 6,
            "H01S": 5,
            "G06E": 4
        }
    },
    "materials": [
        {
            "id": "yttrium",
            "label": "Yttrium",
            "symbol": "Y",
            "role": "Host lattice of the most used rare-earth memory crystals (Y2SiO5, YAG).",
            "nodes": [
                "qm-media-ree-yttrium"
            ],
            "eu_list": {
                "critical": true,
                "strategic": false,
                "entry": "heavy rare earth elements",
                "annex": "Annex II, Section 1, point (q)",
                "sources": [
                    "crm2024",
                    "crm-study-2023"
                ]
            },
            "facts": [
                {
                    "id": "y-us-separation",
                    "statement": "The USGS reports no fully commercial facility in the United States that could separate or refine yttrium.",
                    "kind": "official-statistic",
                    "source": "usgs-mcs2026-yttrium",
                    "locator": "Domestic Production and Use"
                },
                {
                    "id": "y-us-imports",
                    "statement": "U.S. imports of yttrium alloys, compounds and metals in 2021-24 came 70% from China, 11% from Germany and 8% from Austria; the USGS notes nearly all were derived from concentrates processed in China.",
                    "kind": "official-statistic",
                    "source": "usgs-mcs2026-yttrium",
                    "locator": "Import Sources (2021-24)"
                },
                {
                    "id": "y-world",
                    "statement": "The USGS estimates 2025 world mine production of yttrium oxide equivalent at 10,000 to 15,000 tons, most of it from China, with a significant share from Burma.",
                    "kind": "estimate",
                    "source": "usgs-mcs2026-yttrium",
                    "locator": "World Mine Production and Reserves"
                }
            ],
            "refining_concentration": {
                "value": null,
                "note": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries give no global refining or separation share for yttrium; only the qualitative statement that China produced most of the world supply."
            },
            "controls": [
                {
                    "jurisdiction": "CN",
                    "measure": "MOFCOM and GACC Announcement No. 18 of 2025, item 1C908 (yttrium metal, alloys, targets, oxide and compounds)",
                    "date": "2025-04-04",
                    "status": "in force; licence required for export",
                    "source": "mofcom-2025-18",
                    "verification": "verified"
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "id": "erbium",
            "label": "Erbium",
            "symbol": "Er",
            "role": "Dopant for telecom-band memories (Er:Y2SiO5, erbium-doped fibre).",
            "nodes": [
                "qm-media-ree-dopants"
            ],
            "eu_list": {
                "critical": true,
                "strategic": false,
                "entry": "heavy rare earth elements",
                "annex": "Annex II, Section 1, point (q)",
                "sources": [
                    "crm2024",
                    "crm-study-2023"
                ]
            },
            "facts": [
                {
                    "id": "er-us-imports",
                    "statement": "U.S. imports of erbium compounds and metals in 2021-24 came 51% from Germany, 40% from China and 9% from the Netherlands; the USGS notes the German and Dutch material was derived from concentrates and intermediates produced elsewhere.",
                    "kind": "official-statistic",
                    "source": "usgs-mcs2026-heavy",
                    "locator": "Import Sources (2021-24)"
                },
                {
                    "id": "er-us-production",
                    "statement": "The USGS reports that no U.S. company produced heavy rare earths in sustained commercial-scale quantities in 2025.",
                    "kind": "official-statistic",
                    "source": "usgs-mcs2026-heavy",
                    "locator": "Domestic Production and Use"
                }
            ],
            "refining_concentration": {
                "value": null,
                "note": "No global separation share for erbium in the USGS summaries."
            },
            "controls": [
                {
                    "jurisdiction": "CN",
                    "measure": "MOFCOM and GACC Announcement No. 57 of 2025, items 1C909 (holmium) to 1C913 (ytterbium), including 1C910 erbium, 1C911 thulium and 1C912 europium",
                    "date": "2025-10-09",
                    "status": "suspended before it took effect: Announcement No. 70 of 2025 suspends it from 7 November 2025 until 10 November 2026; no extension or new decision on mofcom.gov.cn as of 27 October 2026",
                    "source": "mofcom-2025-70",
                    "verification": "verified",
                    "review_by": "2026-11-10",
                    "note": "No. 57 was due to apply from 8 November 2025. Both announcements read in Chinese on mofcom.gov.cn on 27 October 2026; an English version was not read. Press reports of an extension into 2027 are not official and not verified. The USGS summary (usgs-mcs2026-rare-earths) reports the same suspension."
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "id": "europium",
            "label": "Europium",
            "symbol": "Eu",
            "role": "Dopant of the longest-lived solid-state memories (Eu:Y2SiO5).",
            "nodes": [
                "qm-media-ree-dopants"
            ],
            "eu_list": {
                "critical": true,
                "strategic": false,
                "entry": "heavy rare earth elements",
                "annex": "Annex II, Section 1, point (q)",
                "sources": [
                    "crm2024",
                    "crm-study-2023"
                ]
            },
            "facts": [],
            "refining_concentration": {
                "value": null,
                "note": "No global separation share for europium in the USGS summaries."
            },
            "controls": [
                {
                    "jurisdiction": "CN",
                    "measure": "MOFCOM and GACC Announcement No. 57 of 2025, items 1C909 (holmium) to 1C913 (ytterbium), including 1C910 erbium, 1C911 thulium and 1C912 europium",
                    "date": "2025-10-09",
                    "status": "suspended before it took effect: Announcement No. 70 of 2025 suspends it from 7 November 2025 until 10 November 2026; no extension or new decision on mofcom.gov.cn as of 27 October 2026",
                    "source": "mofcom-2025-70",
                    "verification": "verified",
                    "review_by": "2026-11-10",
                    "note": "No. 57 was due to apply from 8 November 2025. Both announcements read in Chinese on mofcom.gov.cn on 27 October 2026; an English version was not read. Press reports of an extension into 2027 are not official and not verified. The USGS summary (usgs-mcs2026-rare-earths) reports the same suspension."
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "id": "praseodymium",
            "label": "Praseodymium",
            "symbol": "Pr",
            "role": "Dopant of Pr:Y2SiO5 memories.",
            "nodes": [
                "qm-media-ree-dopants"
            ],
            "eu_list": {
                "critical": true,
                "strategic": true,
                "entry": "light rare earth elements; rare earth elements for permanent magnets (Nd, Pr, Tb, Dy, Gd, Sm, and Ce)",
                "annex": "Annex II, Section 1, point (r); Annex I, Section 1, point (n)",
                "sources": [
                    "crm2024",
                    "crm-study-2023"
                ]
            },
            "facts": [],
            "refining_concentration": {
                "value": null,
                "note": "No global separation share for praseodymium in the USGS summaries."
            },
            "controls": []
        },
        {
            "id": "thulium",
            "label": "Thulium",
            "symbol": "Tm",
            "role": "Dopant of Tm:YAG and Ti:Tm:LiNbO3 memories.",
            "nodes": [
                "qm-media-ree-dopants"
            ],
            "eu_list": {
                "critical": true,
                "strategic": false,
                "entry": "heavy rare earth elements",
                "annex": "Annex II, Section 1, point (q)",
                "sources": [
                    "crm2024",
                    "crm-study-2023"
                ]
            },
            "facts": [],
            "refining_concentration": {
                "value": null,
                "note": "No global separation share for thulium in the USGS summaries."
            },
            "controls": [
                {
                    "jurisdiction": "CN",
                    "measure": "MOFCOM and GACC Announcement No. 57 of 2025, items 1C909 (holmium) to 1C913 (ytterbium), including 1C910 erbium, 1C911 thulium and 1C912 europium",
                    "date": "2025-10-09",
                    "status": "suspended before it took effect: Announcement No. 70 of 2025 suspends it from 7 November 2025 until 10 November 2026; no extension or new decision on mofcom.gov.cn as of 27 October 2026",
                    "source": "mofcom-2025-70",
                    "verification": "verified",
                    "review_by": "2026-11-10",
                    "note": "No. 57 was due to apply from 8 November 2025. Both announcements read in Chinese on mofcom.gov.cn on 27 October 2026; an English version was not read. Press reports of an extension into 2027 are not official and not verified. The USGS summary (usgs-mcs2026-rare-earths) reports the same suspension."
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "id": "rare-earths",
            "label": "Rare earths (all, mine production)",
            "symbol": "REE",
            "role": "Context for the dopants and hosts above: mined rare-earth concentrates.",
            "nodes": [
                "qm-media-ree-yttrium",
                "qm-media-ree-dopants"
            ],
            "eu_list": {
                "critical": true,
                "strategic": true,
                "entry": "heavy rare earth elements; light rare earth elements; rare earth elements for permanent magnets",
                "annex": "Annex II, Section 1, points (q) and (r); Annex I, Section 1, point (n)",
                "sources": [
                    "crm2024"
                ]
            },
            "facts": [
                {
                    "id": "ree-world-mine",
                    "statement": "The USGS estimates 2025 world rare-earth mine production at 390,000 tons of rare-earth oxide, of which 270,000 tons in China.",
                    "kind": "estimate",
                    "source": "usgs-mcs2026-rare-earths",
                    "locator": "World Mine Production and Reserves, table"
                },
                {
                    "id": "ree-china-share",
                    "statement": "China's share of 2025 world rare-earth mine production computed from these USGS estimates is 69%; this is mine output, not refining.",
                    "kind": "computed",
                    "value": 69.2,
                    "source": "usgs-mcs2026-rare-earths",
                    "locator": "World Mine Production and Reserves, table (270,000 / 390,000)"
                },
                {
                    "id": "ree-controls",
                    "statement": "The USGS reports that China's April 2025 rare-earth export controls remained in effect at the end of 2025. The October 2025 additions (MOFCOM Announcement No. 57, covering holmium, erbium, thulium, europium and ytterbium) were suspended by Announcement No. 70 until 10 November 2026 (read on mofcom.gov.cn on 27 October 2026; to be rechecked after that date).",
                    "kind": "official-statistic",
                    "source": "usgs-mcs2026-rare-earths",
                    "locator": "Events, Trends, and Issues"
                }
            ],
            "refining_concentration": {
                "value": null,
                "note": "USGS gives mine production by country, not separation or refining shares."
            },
            "controls": []
        },
        {
            "id": "helium-3",
            "label": "Helium-3",
            "symbol": "He-3",
            "role": "Working fluid of dilution refrigerators, needed by memories that run below 1 K.",
            "nodes": [
                "qm-cryo-cryostat-helium"
            ],
            "eu_list": {
                "critical": true,
                "strategic": false,
                "entry": "helium",
                "annex": "Annex II, Section 1, point (p)",
                "sources": [
                    "crm2024"
                ]
            },
            "facts": [
                {
                    "id": "he3-world",
                    "statement": "The USGS estimates world helium-3 production at 40,000 litres in both 2024 and 2025, mostly from Canada, Russia and the United States.",
                    "kind": "estimate",
                    "source": "usgs-mcs2026-helium",
                    "locator": "World Production and Reserves"
                },
                {
                    "id": "he3-us",
                    "statement": "The USGS reports U.S. helium-3 production at one location in South Carolina from tritium decay, used mainly for neutron detectors, research and quantum computing.",
                    "kind": "official-statistic",
                    "source": "usgs-mcs2026-helium",
                    "locator": "Domestic Production and Use"
                }
            ],
            "refining_concentration": {
                "value": null,
                "note": "Helium-3 comes from tritium decay, not refining; production by country is not quantified by the USGS."
            },
            "controls": []
        }
    ],
    "standards": [
        {
            "id": "etsi-isg-qkd-group",
            "body": "etsi-isg-qkd",
            "identifier": "ETSI ISG QKD",
            "title": "Quantum Key Distribution (QKD)",
            "status": "active",
            "status_text": "Active; most recent publication listed is GS QKD 020 V1.1.1 (2026-06); GR QKD 007 V1.2.1 (2026-01)"
        },
        {
            "id": "etsi-gs-qkd-011",
            "body": "etsi-isg-qkd",
            "identifier": "ETSI GS QKD 011",
            "title": "Quantum Key Distribution (QKD); Component characterization: characterizing optical components for QKD systems",
            "status": "published",
            "status_text": "V1.1.1 published 2016-05"
        },
        {
            "id": "itu-t-y-3800",
            "body": "itu-t",
            "identifier": "ITU-T Y.3800",
            "title": "Overview on networks supporting quantum key distribution",
            "status": "published",
            "status_text": "Y.3800 (10/19) in force; Corrigendum 1 (04/20) in force"
        },
        {
            "id": "cen-clc-jtc22-committee",
            "body": "cen-cenelec",
            "identifier": "CEN/CLC/JTC 22",
            "title": "Quantum Technologies",
            "status": "active",
            "status_text": "Joint technical committee established 2022, building on the CEN-CENELEC Focus Group on Quantum Technologies (2020-2023); four working groups (WG 1 strategic advisory, WG 2 metrology/sensing/imaging and enabling technologies, WG 3 computing and simulation, WG 4 communication and cryptography); DIN secretariat link on the technical body page"
        },
        {
            "id": "cen-clc-jtc22-roadmap-r1-1",
            "body": "cen-cenelec",
            "identifier": "JTC22 Q06 (Release 1.1)",
            "title": "Standardization Roadmap on Quantum Technologies",
            "status": "published",
            "status_text": "Release 1.1 dated June 2025 (supersedes FGQT Q04 Release 1); no later release published on the CEN-CENELEC site as of today; a 'Standardization Roadmap 2.0' is being prepared by WG 1 with no stated date"
        },
        {
            "id": "iec-iso-jtc3-committee",
            "body": "iso-iec",
            "identifier": "IEC/ISO JTC 3",
            "title": "Quantum technologies",
            "status": "active",
            "status_text": "Secretariat BSI (United Kingdom); 1 published ISO standard, 12 under development of which 10 under direct JTC 3 responsibility; subcommittee JSC 3A Quantum computing; WGs on terminology, sensors, QRNG, enabling technology, communication"
        },
        {
            "id": "iec-iso-jtc3-work-programme",
            "body": "iso-iec",
            "identifier": "IEC/ISO AWI 63607, 63622, 63655, TS 63687, 63692, TR 63742, TR 63743, TR 63744, TR 63760, 63770-1",
            "title": "IEC/ISO JTC 3 projects under development (direct responsibility)",
            "status": "in-development",
            "status_text": "Ten approved work items, all at stage 10.99 (new project approved): eight reached it on 2026-07-08 (general quantities, photonics vocabulary, general vocabulary, HBT interferometry for photonic sources, cold-atom absolute gravimeters, quantum entropy sources, single-photon detector metrics, QRNG overview); TR 63760 (transmission media for quantum communication) and 63770-1 (quantum sensors overview) on 2026-09-04"
        },
        {
            "id": "iso-iec-23837-1-2023",
            "body": "iso-iec",
            "identifier": "ISO/IEC 23837-1:2023",
            "title": "Information security — Security requirements, test and evaluation methods for quantum key distribution — Part 1: Requirements",
            "status": "published",
            "status_text": "Edition 1, published 2023-08 (stage 60.60 on 2023-08-29), 52 pages, ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 27; no amendment, revision or systematic review shown"
        },
        {
            "id": "ietf-rfc-9340",
            "body": "ietf",
            "identifier": "RFC 9340",
            "title": "Architectural Principles for a Quantum Internet",
            "status": "published",
            "status_text": "Informational, IRTF stream, Quantum Internet Research Group (QIRG); published March 2023 (from draft-irtf-qirg-principles); not an Internet Standards Track specification"
        },
        {
            "id": "ietf-rfc-9583",
            "body": "ietf",
            "identifier": "RFC 9583",
            "title": "Application Scenarios for the Quantum Internet",
            "status": "published",
            "status_text": "Informational, IRTF stream, Quantum Internet Research Group (QIRG); published June 2024 (from draft-irtf-qirg-quantum-internet-use-cases); not an Internet Standards Track specification"
        }
    ],
    "funding": {
        "projects": 39,
        "eu_award": 116489158.56,
        "with_award": 39,
        "organisations": [
            {
                "pic": "999977366",
                "name": "Technische Universiteit Delft",
                "country": "NL",
                "projects": 8
            },
            {
                "pic": "999619436",
                "name": "Fundacio Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques",
                "country": "ES",
                "projects": 7
            },
            {
                "pic": "909875521",
                "name": "Sorbonne Universite",
                "country": "FR",
                "projects": 6
            },
            {
                "pic": "887983203",
                "name": "Welinq SAS",
                "country": "FR",
                "projects": 4
            },
            {
                "pic": "999547074",
                "name": "Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et Automatique",
                "country": "FR",
                "projects": 4
            },
            {
                "pic": "999869114",
                "name": "Universitaet Innsbruck",
                "country": "AT",
                "projects": 4
            },
            {
                "pic": "999991043",
                "name": "Kobenhavns Universitet",
                "country": "DK",
                "projects": 4
            },
            {
                "pic": "999992401",
                "name": "Commissariat A L Energie Atomique et Aux Energies Alternatives",
                "country": "FR",
                "projects": 4
            },
            {
                "pic": "999850781",
                "name": "Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin",
                "country": "DE",
                "projects": 4
            },
            {
                "pic": "952865630",
                "name": "Surf BV",
                "country": "NL",
                "projects": 3
            }
        ]
    },
    "method": {
        "epo_query": {
            "syntax": "Espacenet smart search (CPC cl, full-text ftxt and ctxt, proximity prox/distance)",
            "text": "(((cl = \"H01P7/06\" AND (ftxt=(\"QUANTUM\" prox/distance<=3 \"STORE*\") OR ftxt any \"QUBIT, QBIT, QUNATUMBIT\" OR ftxt = \"QUANTUM BIT\") AND (ftxt=(\"PHOTON*\" prox/distance<=9 \"STOR*\") OR ftxt=(\"PHOTON*\" prox/distance<=9 \"MEMOR*\") OR ftxt=(\"PHOTON*\" prox/distance<=9 \"SAVE*\") OR ftxt=(\"PHOTON*\" prox/distance<=9 \"INFORMAT* PROCESS*\") OR ftxt=(\"PHOTON*\" prox/distance<=9 \"INTERFACE*\"))) OR ((cl =/low \"G11C13/04\" OR cl =/low \"G11C13/06\") OR ((cl = \"B82Y10\" OR cl = \"H01L39\" OR cl = \"H01L27/18\" OR cl = \"G11C13/04\" OR cl = \"G11C13/06\" OR cl = \"H01P7/06\" OR cl = \"G21K1/30\") AND (ftxt any \"RAREEARTH*\" OR ftxt = \"RARE EARTH*\" OR ftxt any \"SCANDIUM* LANTHAN* CERIUM* PRASEODYM* NEODYM* PROMETHIUM* SAMARIUM* EUROPIUM* YTTRIUM* GADOLINIUM* TERBIUM* DYSPROSIUM* HOLMIUM* ERBIUM* THULIUM* YTTERBIUM* LUTETIUM*\")))) AND (ftxt=(\"QUANTUM\" prox/distance<=3 \"STORE*\") OR ftxt=(\"QUANTUM\" prox/distance<=3 \"MEMOR*\") OR ftxt = \"QUANTUM BIT\" OR ftxt any \"QUBIT QBIT QUANTUMBIT\") AND (ftxt=(\"PHOTON*\" prox/distance<=9 \"STOR*\") OR ftxt=(\"PHOTON*\" prox/distance<=9 \"MEMOR*\") OR ftxt=(\"PHOTON*\" prox/distance<=9 \"SAVE*\") OR ftxt=(\"PHOTON*\" prox/distance<=9 \"INFORMAT* PROCESS*\") OR ftxt=(\"PHOTON*\" prox/distance<=9 \"INTERFACE*\"))) OR ((cl = \"H01L39\" OR cl = \"H01L27/18\") AND (ftxt=(\"QUANTUM\" prox/distance<=3 \"STOR*\") OR ftxt=(\"QUANTUM\" prox/distance<=3 \"MEMOR*\") OR ftxt = \"QUANTUM BIT\" OR ftxt any \"QUBIT QBIT QUANTUMBIT\") AND (ftxt=(\"PHOTON*\" prox/distance<=9 \"STOR*\") OR ctxt=(\"PHOTON*\" prox/distance<=9 \"MEMOR*\") OR ftxt=(\"PHOTON*\" prox/distance<=9 \"SAVE*\") OR ftxt=(\"PHOTON*\" prox/distance<=9 \"INFORMAT* PROCESS*\") OR ftxt=(\"PHOTON*\" prox/distance<=9 \"INTERFACE*\") OR ftxt=(\"QUANT* OPTIC*\" prox/distance<=9 \"STOR*\") OR ftxt=(\"QUANT* OPTIC*\" prox/distance<=9 \"MEMOR*\") OR ftxt=(\"QUANT* OPTIC*\" prox/distance<=9 \"SAVE*\") OR ftxt=(\"QUANT* OPTIC*\" prox/distance<=9 \"INFORMAT*\") OR ftxt=(\"QUANT* OPTIC*\" prox/distance<=9 \"INTERFACE*\"))) OR (((cl =/low \"G21K1/30\" OR (cl = \"B82Y10\" OR cl = \"H01L39\" OR cl = \"H01L27/18\" OR cl =/low \"G11C13/04\" OR cl =/low \"G11C13/06\" OR cl = \"H01P7/06\" OR cl = \"G21K01/006\")) AND (ftxt=(\"DIAMOND*\" prox/distance<=4 \"DOPED\") OR ftxt=(\"DIAMOND*\" prox/distance<=4 \"DOPANT?\") OR ftxt=(\"DIAMOND*\" prox/distance<=4 \"IMPUR*\") OR ftxt=(\"DIAMOND*\" prox/distance<=4 \"ADDITI*\") OR ftxt=(\"DIAMOND*\" prox/distance<=4 \"DEFECT*\") OR ftxt=(\"DIAMOND*\" prox/distance<=4 \"VACANC*\") OR ftxt=(\"DIAMOND*\" prox/distance<=4 \"VACANT*\") OR ftxt=(\"DIAMOND*\" prox/distance<=4 \"COLOR*\") OR ftxt=(\"DIAMOND*\" prox/distance<=4 \"COLOUR*\"))) AND (ftxt=(\"QUANTUM\" prox/distance<=3 \"STOR*\") OR ftxt=(\"QUANTUM\" prox/distance<=3 \"MEMOR*\") OR ftxt = \"QUANTUM BIT\" OR ftxt any \"QUBIT QBIT QUANTUMBIT\") AND (ftxt=(\"PHOTON*\" prox/distance<=9 \"STOR*\") OR ctxt=(\"PHOTON*\" prox/distance<=9 \"MEMOR*\") OR ftxt=(\"PHOTON*\" prox/distance<=9 \"SAVE*\") OR ftxt=(\"PHOTON*\" prox/distance<=9 \"INFORMAT* PROCESS*\") OR ftxt=(\"PHOTON*\" prox/distance<=9 \"INTERFACE*\") OR ftxt=(\"QUANT* OPTIC*\" prox/distance<=9 \"STOR*\") OR ftxt=(\"QUANT* OPTIC*\" prox/distance<=9 \"MEMOR*\") OR ftxt=(\"QUANT* OPTIC*\" prox/distance<=9 \"SAVE*\") OR ftxt=(\"QUANT* OPTIC*\" prox/distance<=9 \"INFORMAT*\") OR ftxt=(\"QUANT* OPTIC*\" prox/distance<=9 \"INTERFACE*\")))",
            "see_url": "https://worldwide.espacenet.com/patent/search?q=%28%28%28cl%20%3D%20%22H01P7%2F06%22%20AND%20%28ftxt%3D%28%22QUANTUM%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D3%20%22STORE%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%20any%20%22QUBIT%2C%20QBIT%2C%20QUNATUMBIT%22%20OR%20ftxt%20%3D%20%22QUANTUM%20BIT%22%29%20AND%20%28ftxt%3D%28%22PHOTON%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D9%20%22STOR%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22PHOTON%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D9%20%22MEMOR%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22PHOTON%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D9%20%22SAVE%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22PHOTON%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D9%20%22INFORMAT%2A%20PROCESS%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22PHOTON%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D9%20%22INTERFACE%2A%22%29%29%29%20OR%20%28%28cl%20%3D%2Flow%20%22G11C13%2F04%22%20OR%20cl%20%3D%2Flow%20%22G11C13%2F06%22%29%20OR%20%28%28cl%20%3D%20%22B82Y10%22%20OR%20cl%20%3D%20%22H01L39%22%20OR%20cl%20%3D%20%22H01L27%2F18%22%20OR%20cl%20%3D%20%22G11C13%2F04%22%20OR%20cl%20%3D%20%22G11C13%2F06%22%20OR%20cl%20%3D%20%22H01P7%2F06%22%20OR%20cl%20%3D%20%22G21K1%2F30%22%29%20AND%20%28ftxt%20any%20%22RAREEARTH%2A%22%20OR%20ftxt%20%3D%20%22RARE%20EARTH%2A%22%20OR%20ftxt%20any%20%22SCANDIUM%2A%20LANTHAN%2A%20CERIUM%2A%20PRASEODYM%2A%20NEODYM%2A%20PROMETHIUM%2A%20SAMARIUM%2A%20EUROPIUM%2A%20YTTRIUM%2A%20GADOLINIUM%2A%20TERBIUM%2A%20DYSPROSIUM%2A%20HOLMIUM%2A%20ERBIUM%2A%20THULIUM%2A%20YTTERBIUM%2A%20LUTETIUM%2A%22%29%29%29%29%20AND%20%28ftxt%3D%28%22QUANTUM%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D3%20%22STORE%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22QUANTUM%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D3%20%22MEMOR%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%20%3D%20%22QUANTUM%20BIT%22%20OR%20ftxt%20any%20%22QUBIT%20QBIT%20QUANTUMBIT%22%29%20AND%20%28ftxt%3D%28%22PHOTON%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D9%20%22STOR%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22PHOTON%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D9%20%22MEMOR%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22PHOTON%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D9%20%22SAVE%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22PHOTON%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D9%20%22INFORMAT%2A%20PROCESS%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22PHOTON%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D9%20%22INTERFACE%2A%22%29%29%29%20OR%20%28%28cl%20%3D%20%22H01L39%22%20OR%20cl%20%3D%20%22H01L27%2F18%22%29%20AND%20%28ftxt%3D%28%22QUANTUM%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D3%20%22STOR%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22QUANTUM%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D3%20%22MEMOR%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%20%3D%20%22QUANTUM%20BIT%22%20OR%20ftxt%20any%20%22QUBIT%20QBIT%20QUANTUMBIT%22%29%20AND%20%28ftxt%3D%28%22PHOTON%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D9%20%22STOR%2A%22%29%20OR%20ctxt%3D%28%22PHOTON%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D9%20%22MEMOR%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22PHOTON%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D9%20%22SAVE%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22PHOTON%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D9%20%22INFORMAT%2A%20PROCESS%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22PHOTON%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D9%20%22INTERFACE%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22QUANT%2A%20OPTIC%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D9%20%22STOR%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22QUANT%2A%20OPTIC%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D9%20%22MEMOR%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22QUANT%2A%20OPTIC%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D9%20%22SAVE%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22QUANT%2A%20OPTIC%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D9%20%22INFORMAT%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22QUANT%2A%20OPTIC%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D9%20%22INTERFACE%2A%22%29%29%29%20OR%20%28%28%28cl%20%3D%2Flow%20%22G21K1%2F30%22%20OR%20%28cl%20%3D%20%22B82Y10%22%20OR%20cl%20%3D%20%22H01L39%22%20OR%20cl%20%3D%20%22H01L27%2F18%22%20OR%20cl%20%3D%2Flow%20%22G11C13%2F04%22%20OR%20cl%20%3D%2Flow%20%22G11C13%2F06%22%20OR%20cl%20%3D%20%22H01P7%2F06%22%20OR%20cl%20%3D%20%22G21K01%2F006%22%29%29%20AND%20%28ftxt%3D%28%22DIAMOND%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D4%20%22DOPED%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22DIAMOND%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D4%20%22DOPANT%3F%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22DIAMOND%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D4%20%22IMPUR%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22DIAMOND%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D4%20%22ADDITI%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22DIAMOND%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D4%20%22DEFECT%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22DIAMOND%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D4%20%22VACANC%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22DIAMOND%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D4%20%22VACANT%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22DIAMOND%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D4%20%22COLOR%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22DIAMOND%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D4%20%22COLOUR%2A%22%29%29%29%20AND%20%28ftxt%3D%28%22QUANTUM%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D3%20%22STOR%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22QUANTUM%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D3%20%22MEMOR%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%20%3D%20%22QUANTUM%20BIT%22%20OR%20ftxt%20any%20%22QUBIT%20QBIT%20QUANTUMBIT%22%29%20AND%20%28ftxt%3D%28%22PHOTON%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D9%20%22STOR%2A%22%29%20OR%20ctxt%3D%28%22PHOTON%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D9%20%22MEMOR%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22PHOTON%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D9%20%22SAVE%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22PHOTON%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D9%20%22INFORMAT%2A%20PROCESS%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22PHOTON%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D9%20%22INTERFACE%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22QUANT%2A%20OPTIC%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D9%20%22STOR%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22QUANT%2A%20OPTIC%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D9%20%22MEMOR%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22QUANT%2A%20OPTIC%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D9%20%22SAVE%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22QUANT%2A%20OPTIC%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D9%20%22INFORMAT%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22QUANT%2A%20OPTIC%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D9%20%22INTERFACE%2A%22%29%29%29",
            "recent_url": "https://worldwide.espacenet.com/patent/search?f=pd%3Ain%3D20240101-20261231&q=%28%28%28cl%20%3D%20%22H01P7%2F06%22%20AND%20%28ftxt%3D%28%22QUANTUM%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D3%20%22STORE%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%20any%20%22QUBIT%2C%20QBIT%2C%20QUNATUMBIT%22%20OR%20ftxt%20%3D%20%22QUANTUM%20BIT%22%29%20AND%20%28ftxt%3D%28%22PHOTON%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D9%20%22STOR%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22PHOTON%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D9%20%22MEMOR%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22PHOTON%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D9%20%22SAVE%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22PHOTON%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D9%20%22INFORMAT%2A%20PROCESS%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22PHOTON%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D9%20%22INTERFACE%2A%22%29%29%29%20OR%20%28%28cl%20%3D%2Flow%20%22G11C13%2F04%22%20OR%20cl%20%3D%2Flow%20%22G11C13%2F06%22%29%20OR%20%28%28cl%20%3D%20%22B82Y10%22%20OR%20cl%20%3D%20%22H01L39%22%20OR%20cl%20%3D%20%22H01L27%2F18%22%20OR%20cl%20%3D%20%22G11C13%2F04%22%20OR%20cl%20%3D%20%22G11C13%2F06%22%20OR%20cl%20%3D%20%22H01P7%2F06%22%20OR%20cl%20%3D%20%22G21K1%2F30%22%29%20AND%20%28ftxt%20any%20%22RAREEARTH%2A%22%20OR%20ftxt%20%3D%20%22RARE%20EARTH%2A%22%20OR%20ftxt%20any%20%22SCANDIUM%2A%20LANTHAN%2A%20CERIUM%2A%20PRASEODYM%2A%20NEODYM%2A%20PROMETHIUM%2A%20SAMARIUM%2A%20EUROPIUM%2A%20YTTRIUM%2A%20GADOLINIUM%2A%20TERBIUM%2A%20DYSPROSIUM%2A%20HOLMIUM%2A%20ERBIUM%2A%20THULIUM%2A%20YTTERBIUM%2A%20LUTETIUM%2A%22%29%29%29%29%20AND%20%28ftxt%3D%28%22QUANTUM%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D3%20%22STORE%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22QUANTUM%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D3%20%22MEMOR%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%20%3D%20%22QUANTUM%20BIT%22%20OR%20ftxt%20any%20%22QUBIT%20QBIT%20QUANTUMBIT%22%29%20AND%20%28ftxt%3D%28%22PHOTON%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D9%20%22STOR%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22PHOTON%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D9%20%22MEMOR%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22PHOTON%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D9%20%22SAVE%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22PHOTON%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D9%20%22INFORMAT%2A%20PROCESS%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22PHOTON%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D9%20%22INTERFACE%2A%22%29%29%29%20OR%20%28%28cl%20%3D%20%22H01L39%22%20OR%20cl%20%3D%20%22H01L27%2F18%22%29%20AND%20%28ftxt%3D%28%22QUANTUM%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D3%20%22STOR%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22QUANTUM%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D3%20%22MEMOR%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%20%3D%20%22QUANTUM%20BIT%22%20OR%20ftxt%20any%20%22QUBIT%20QBIT%20QUANTUMBIT%22%29%20AND%20%28ftxt%3D%28%22PHOTON%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D9%20%22STOR%2A%22%29%20OR%20ctxt%3D%28%22PHOTON%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D9%20%22MEMOR%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22PHOTON%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D9%20%22SAVE%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22PHOTON%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D9%20%22INFORMAT%2A%20PROCESS%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22PHOTON%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D9%20%22INTERFACE%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22QUANT%2A%20OPTIC%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D9%20%22STOR%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22QUANT%2A%20OPTIC%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D9%20%22MEMOR%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22QUANT%2A%20OPTIC%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D9%20%22SAVE%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22QUANT%2A%20OPTIC%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D9%20%22INFORMAT%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22QUANT%2A%20OPTIC%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D9%20%22INTERFACE%2A%22%29%29%29%20OR%20%28%28%28cl%20%3D%2Flow%20%22G21K1%2F30%22%20OR%20%28cl%20%3D%20%22B82Y10%22%20OR%20cl%20%3D%20%22H01L39%22%20OR%20cl%20%3D%20%22H01L27%2F18%22%20OR%20cl%20%3D%2Flow%20%22G11C13%2F04%22%20OR%20cl%20%3D%2Flow%20%22G11C13%2F06%22%20OR%20cl%20%3D%20%22H01P7%2F06%22%20OR%20cl%20%3D%20%22G21K01%2F006%22%29%29%20AND%20%28ftxt%3D%28%22DIAMOND%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D4%20%22DOPED%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22DIAMOND%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D4%20%22DOPANT%3F%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22DIAMOND%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D4%20%22IMPUR%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22DIAMOND%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D4%20%22ADDITI%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22DIAMOND%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D4%20%22DEFECT%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22DIAMOND%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D4%20%22VACANC%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22DIAMOND%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D4%20%22VACANT%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22DIAMOND%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D4%20%22COLOR%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22DIAMOND%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D4%20%22COLOUR%2A%22%29%29%29%20AND%20%28ftxt%3D%28%22QUANTUM%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D3%20%22STOR%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22QUANTUM%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D3%20%22MEMOR%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%20%3D%20%22QUANTUM%20BIT%22%20OR%20ftxt%20any%20%22QUBIT%20QBIT%20QUANTUMBIT%22%29%20AND%20%28ftxt%3D%28%22PHOTON%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D9%20%22STOR%2A%22%29%20OR%20ctxt%3D%28%22PHOTON%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D9%20%22MEMOR%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22PHOTON%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D9%20%22SAVE%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22PHOTON%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D9%20%22INFORMAT%2A%20PROCESS%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22PHOTON%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D9%20%22INTERFACE%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22QUANT%2A%20OPTIC%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D9%20%22STOR%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22QUANT%2A%20OPTIC%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D9%20%22MEMOR%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22QUANT%2A%20OPTIC%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D9%20%22SAVE%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22QUANT%2A%20OPTIC%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D9%20%22INFORMAT%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22QUANT%2A%20OPTIC%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D9%20%22INTERFACE%2A%22%29%29%29&widgets=family",
            "statistics_url": "https://worldwide.espacenet.com/patent/search?f=pd%3Ain%3D20200101-20261231&q=%28%28%28cl%20%3D%20%22H01P7%2F06%22%20AND%20%28ftxt%3D%28%22QUANTUM%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D3%20%22STORE%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%20any%20%22QUBIT%2C%20QBIT%2C%20QUNATUMBIT%22%20OR%20ftxt%20%3D%20%22QUANTUM%20BIT%22%29%20AND%20%28ftxt%3D%28%22PHOTON%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D9%20%22STOR%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22PHOTON%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D9%20%22MEMOR%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22PHOTON%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D9%20%22SAVE%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22PHOTON%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D9%20%22INFORMAT%2A%20PROCESS%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22PHOTON%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D9%20%22INTERFACE%2A%22%29%29%29%20OR%20%28%28cl%20%3D%2Flow%20%22G11C13%2F04%22%20OR%20cl%20%3D%2Flow%20%22G11C13%2F06%22%29%20OR%20%28%28cl%20%3D%20%22B82Y10%22%20OR%20cl%20%3D%20%22H01L39%22%20OR%20cl%20%3D%20%22H01L27%2F18%22%20OR%20cl%20%3D%20%22G11C13%2F04%22%20OR%20cl%20%3D%20%22G11C13%2F06%22%20OR%20cl%20%3D%20%22H01P7%2F06%22%20OR%20cl%20%3D%20%22G21K1%2F30%22%29%20AND%20%28ftxt%20any%20%22RAREEARTH%2A%22%20OR%20ftxt%20%3D%20%22RARE%20EARTH%2A%22%20OR%20ftxt%20any%20%22SCANDIUM%2A%20LANTHAN%2A%20CERIUM%2A%20PRASEODYM%2A%20NEODYM%2A%20PROMETHIUM%2A%20SAMARIUM%2A%20EUROPIUM%2A%20YTTRIUM%2A%20GADOLINIUM%2A%20TERBIUM%2A%20DYSPROSIUM%2A%20HOLMIUM%2A%20ERBIUM%2A%20THULIUM%2A%20YTTERBIUM%2A%20LUTETIUM%2A%22%29%29%29%29%20AND%20%28ftxt%3D%28%22QUANTUM%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D3%20%22STORE%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22QUANTUM%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D3%20%22MEMOR%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%20%3D%20%22QUANTUM%20BIT%22%20OR%20ftxt%20any%20%22QUBIT%20QBIT%20QUANTUMBIT%22%29%20AND%20%28ftxt%3D%28%22PHOTON%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D9%20%22STOR%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22PHOTON%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D9%20%22MEMOR%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22PHOTON%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D9%20%22SAVE%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22PHOTON%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D9%20%22INFORMAT%2A%20PROCESS%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22PHOTON%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D9%20%22INTERFACE%2A%22%29%29%29%20OR%20%28%28cl%20%3D%20%22H01L39%22%20OR%20cl%20%3D%20%22H01L27%2F18%22%29%20AND%20%28ftxt%3D%28%22QUANTUM%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D3%20%22STOR%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22QUANTUM%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D3%20%22MEMOR%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%20%3D%20%22QUANTUM%20BIT%22%20OR%20ftxt%20any%20%22QUBIT%20QBIT%20QUANTUMBIT%22%29%20AND%20%28ftxt%3D%28%22PHOTON%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D9%20%22STOR%2A%22%29%20OR%20ctxt%3D%28%22PHOTON%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D9%20%22MEMOR%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22PHOTON%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D9%20%22SAVE%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22PHOTON%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D9%20%22INFORMAT%2A%20PROCESS%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22PHOTON%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D9%20%22INTERFACE%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22QUANT%2A%20OPTIC%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D9%20%22STOR%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22QUANT%2A%20OPTIC%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D9%20%22MEMOR%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22QUANT%2A%20OPTIC%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D9%20%22SAVE%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22QUANT%2A%20OPTIC%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D9%20%22INFORMAT%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22QUANT%2A%20OPTIC%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D9%20%22INTERFACE%2A%22%29%29%29%20OR%20%28%28%28cl%20%3D%2Flow%20%22G21K1%2F30%22%20OR%20%28cl%20%3D%20%22B82Y10%22%20OR%20cl%20%3D%20%22H01L39%22%20OR%20cl%20%3D%20%22H01L27%2F18%22%20OR%20cl%20%3D%2Flow%20%22G11C13%2F04%22%20OR%20cl%20%3D%2Flow%20%22G11C13%2F06%22%20OR%20cl%20%3D%20%22H01P7%2F06%22%20OR%20cl%20%3D%20%22G21K01%2F006%22%29%29%20AND%20%28ftxt%3D%28%22DIAMOND%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D4%20%22DOPED%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22DIAMOND%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D4%20%22DOPANT%3F%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22DIAMOND%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D4%20%22IMPUR%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22DIAMOND%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D4%20%22ADDITI%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22DIAMOND%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D4%20%22DEFECT%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22DIAMOND%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D4%20%22VACANC%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22DIAMOND%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D4%20%22VACANT%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22DIAMOND%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D4%20%22COLOR%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22DIAMOND%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D4%20%22COLOUR%2A%22%29%29%29%20AND%20%28ftxt%3D%28%22QUANTUM%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D3%20%22STOR%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22QUANTUM%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D3%20%22MEMOR%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%20%3D%20%22QUANTUM%20BIT%22%20OR%20ftxt%20any%20%22QUBIT%20QBIT%20QUANTUMBIT%22%29%20AND%20%28ftxt%3D%28%22PHOTON%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D9%20%22STOR%2A%22%29%20OR%20ctxt%3D%28%22PHOTON%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D9%20%22MEMOR%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22PHOTON%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D9%20%22SAVE%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22PHOTON%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D9%20%22INFORMAT%2A%20PROCESS%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22PHOTON%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D9%20%22INTERFACE%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22QUANT%2A%20OPTIC%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D9%20%22STOR%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22QUANT%2A%20OPTIC%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D9%20%22MEMOR%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22QUANT%2A%20OPTIC%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D9%20%22SAVE%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22QUANT%2A%20OPTIC%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D9%20%22INFORMAT%2A%22%29%20OR%20ftxt%3D%28%22QUANT%2A%20OPTIC%2A%22%20prox%2Fdistance%3C%3D9%20%22INTERFACE%2A%22%29%29%29&widgets=family",
            "cpc": [
                "H01P7/06",
                "G11C13/04",
                "G11C13/06",
                "B82Y10",
                "H01L39",
                "H01L27/18",
                "G21K1/30",
                "G21K01/006"
            ],
            "as_published_notes": [
                "Recorded exactly as the platform publishes it, typing included: QUNATUMBIT in the first branch, ctxt (claims text) instead of ftxt in three proximity terms, and G21K01/006 written with a leading zero.",
                "H01L39 and H01L27/18 no longer exist in the CPC scheme 2026.08 (moved to H10N 60/00 superconducting devices and H10N 69/00 integrated superconducting devices); G21K 1/006 is not in the scheme either (atom traps are now G21K 1/30, ion traps G21K 1/20)."
            ],
            "read": "2026-10-25",
            "verification": "verified"
        },
        "ops": {
            "note": "EPO OPS has no full-text or claims search, so each branch of the platform query is approximated by CPC groups (current scheme) and title-or-abstract (ta) terms, split into small queries whose families are merged by DOCDB family id. The queries run on the portal's server through its EPO OPS connection (OPS 3.2 CQL); each query shows its status and the date it was last read, and a query OPS refuses is recorded as an error on the site health page and skipped.",
            "queries": [
                {
                    "id": "optical",
                    "label": "Optical memory classes with a quantum term",
                    "cql": "(cpc=/low \"G11C13/04\" or cpc=/low \"G11C13/06\") and ta any \"quantum qubit qubits\""
                },
                {
                    "id": "rare-earth",
                    "label": "Concept classes with a rare-earth dopant named",
                    "cql": "(cpc=/low \"H01P7/06\" or cpc=/low \"B82Y10\" or cpc=/low \"H10N60\" or cpc=/low \"G21K1/30\") and ta=quantum and ta any \"erbium europium praseodymium thulium yttrium\""
                },
                {
                    "id": "superconducting",
                    "label": "Superconducting devices (former H01L39 and H01L27/18) with memory and photon terms",
                    "cql": "(cpc=/low \"H10N60\" or cpc=/low \"H10N69\") and ta any \"qubit quantum\" and ta any \"memory storage\" and ta any \"photon photonic optical\""
                },
                {
                    "id": "diamond",
                    "label": "Concept classes with diamond and a storage term",
                    "cql": "(cpc=/low \"G21K1/30\" or cpc=/low \"B82Y10\" or cpc=/low \"H01P7/06\" or cpc=/low \"G11C13/04\") and ta=diamond and ta=quantum and ta any \"memory memories storage storing\""
                },
                {
                    "id": "photonic-storage",
                    "label": "Nanotechnology and cavity classes naming quantum memory or storage",
                    "cql": "(cpc=/low \"B82Y10\" or cpc=/low \"H01P7/06\") and ta any \"photon photons photonic\" and (ta=\"quantum memory\" or ta=\"quantum storage\")"
                }
            ],
            "gaps": [
                "Full-text and claims terms of the platform query are replaced by title-or-abstract terms: families that name quantum storage only in the description or claims are missed, and the proximity conditions become plain co-occurrence.",
                "The reclassified groups are searched under their current symbols (H10N 60, H10N 69, G21K 1/30); the platform query still names the old symbols.",
                "EP-member presence is counted on the publications the queries return, a lower bound: a family whose EP member does not itself match is counted without one."
            ]
        },
        "screening": {
            "note": "False-positive rules, editor-reviewable. A family is screened out when its title matches an exclusion pattern and has no quantum term, or when none of its CPC classes is a quantum class and its title has no quantum term. Editors keep or exclude a family by its DOCDB family id; their lists win.",
            "quantum_terms": [
                "quantum",
                "qubit",
                "qbit",
                "entangle",
                "single photon",
                "photon storage",
                "spin wave",
                "repeater"
            ],
            "exclude_title_patterns": [
                "optical data storage",
                "holograph",
                "photochromic",
                "magnetic memory",
                "magnetoresistive",
                "spin filter",
                "fuel cell",
                "ionic conduct",
                "three-dimensional recording",
                "three dimensional recording",
                "phase change memory",
                "flash memory"
            ],
            "quantum_cpc": [
                "G06N10",
                "H04B10/70",
                "H04L9/08",
                "B82Y10",
                "H10N60",
                "H10N69",
                "G21K1/30",
                "G21K1/20",
                "H01P7/06",
                "H03K19/195"
            ],
            "excluded_families": [],
            "kept_families": []
        },
        "domains": [
            {
                "id": "D1",
                "label": "Rare-earth and doped-crystal memories",
                "cpc": [
                    "C30B",
                    "C04B35",
                    "C03C",
                    "H01S3/16",
                    "C09K11/77"
                ],
                "terms": [
                    "rare earth",
                    "rare-earth",
                    "erbium",
                    "europium",
                    "praseodymium",
                    "thulium",
                    "yttrium",
                    "ytterbium",
                    "neodymium",
                    "doped crystal",
                    "photon echo",
                    "atomic frequency comb"
                ]
            },
            {
                "id": "D2",
                "label": "Colour centres, spin defects and semiconductor emitters",
                "cpc": [
                    "C30B29/04",
                    "H10D48",
                    "C01B32/25"
                ],
                "terms": [
                    "diamond",
                    "vacancy",
                    "colour centre",
                    "color center",
                    "color centre",
                    "silicon carbide",
                    "quantum dot",
                    "spin defect",
                    "t centre",
                    "t-center"
                ]
            },
            {
                "id": "D3",
                "label": "Atomic ensembles, cold atoms and trapped ions",
                "cpc": [
                    "G21K1/30",
                    "G21K1/20",
                    "H05H3"
                ],
                "terms": [
                    "atom",
                    "atomic",
                    "vapour",
                    "vapor",
                    "rubidium",
                    "caesium",
                    "cesium",
                    "rydberg",
                    "ion trap",
                    "trapped ion"
                ]
            },
            {
                "id": "D4",
                "label": "Photonic, cavity and integrated-optics memories",
                "cpc": [
                    "G02B6",
                    "G02F1",
                    "G02F3"
                ],
                "terms": [
                    "waveguide",
                    "optical cavity",
                    "optical resonator",
                    "fibre",
                    "fiber",
                    "delay line",
                    "optical loop",
                    "integrated photonic",
                    "photonic chip"
                ]
            },
            {
                "id": "D5",
                "label": "Superconducting and microwave-cavity memories",
                "cpc": [
                    "H10N60",
                    "H10N69",
                    "H01P7",
                    "H03K19/195"
                ],
                "terms": [
                    "superconduct",
                    "microwave",
                    "josephson",
                    "transmon",
                    "bosonic",
                    "phonon"
                ]
            },
            {
                "id": "D6",
                "label": "Quantum networks, repeaters and transduction",
                "cpc": [
                    "H04B10/70",
                    "H04L9/08"
                ],
                "terms": [
                    "repeater",
                    "network",
                    "entanglement distribution",
                    "transduc",
                    "frequency conversion",
                    "teleport"
                ]
            },
            {
                "id": "D7",
                "label": "Quantum computing architectures and error correction",
                "cpc": [
                    "G06N10/20",
                    "G06N10/60",
                    "G06N10/70",
                    "G06N10/80"
                ],
                "terms": [
                    "quantum computer",
                    "quantum computing",
                    "error correction",
                    "fusion",
                    "logical qubit"
                ]
            },
            {
                "id": "D8",
                "label": "Other or platform not stated",
                "cpc": [],
                "terms": []
            }
        ],
        "phases": "Three contiguous phases of the annual series of families by earliest priority year, with the two boundaries that minimise the squared deviation of each year from its phase mean (optimal segmentation, each phase at least three years); the last two priority years are incomplete (18-month publication delay) and join the last phase without moving the boundaries.",
        "breadth": "For an applicant with n families: IPC density = distinct IPC subclasses / sqrt(n); CPC density = distinct CPC subclasses / sqrt(n); domain coverage = domains with at least one family / number of domains; balance = 1 - HHI of the applicant's domain assignments. Each component is min-max normalised to 0-100 across the leading applicants; breadth is their mean. Above 66: platform-oriented; 33 to 66: diversified; below 33: focused.",
        "index": {
            "ic": 0.4,
            "ps": 0.3,
            "tb": 0.15,
            "tr": 0.15
        }
    },
    "restricted": "Restricted to EC and Member State users."
}