{ "status": "source-verified", "compiled": "2026-10-25", "note": "A reference structure of what each quantum technology needs, down to materials, compiled from public review articles and EU law. It is not a supplier assessment, not a complete bill of materials and not an assessment of any company or country. Each part is sourced to a passage in a review article; project and company figures are keyword matches on CORDIS project titles. Pending review by a domain expert before promotion.", "method": "projects: EU-funded quantum projects of the CORDIS snapshot whose title matches a keyword of the node (for a scoped node, also a keyword of its platform), together with the projects of its parts; companies: participants with CORDIS activity type PRC; activity: none below the low threshold.", "activity_thresholds": { "low": 1, "medium": 5, "high": 20 }, "crm_regulation": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1252/oj", "snapshot": { "available": true, "projects": 1256, "retrieved": "2026-10-16", "source": "CORDIS, Publications Office of the European Union", "licence": "European Commission reuse notice (Decision 2011/833/EU)" }, "patents_connected": true, "nodes": [ { "id": "sc", "label": "Superconducting circuits", "level": "platform", "parent": null, "platform": "sc", "description": "Qubits built from superconducting electrical circuits on a chip, controlled and read out with microwave signals at millikelvin temperatures.", "keywords": [ "superconducting qubit*", "superconducting quantum", "superconducting circuit*", "superconducting processor*", "transmon*", "fluxonium*", "josephson*" ], "scoped": false, "cpc": [ "G06N10/40" ], "sources": [ { "title": "A quantum engineer's guide to superconducting qubits", "authors": "Krantz, P.; Kjaergaard, M.; Yan, F.; Orlando, T. P.; Gustavsson, S.; Oliver, W. D.", "publisher": "Applied Physics Reviews 6, 021318 (AIP Publishing)", "year": 2019, "doi": "10.1063/1.5089550", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5089550", "read_url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/1904.06560", "read_version": "arXiv:1904.06560v5", "retrieved": "2026-10-20", "locator": "Sec. I (Introduction) and Sec. II (Engineering quantum circuits)" } ], "figures": { "projects": 40, "own_projects": 31, "project_ids": [ "101001310", "101039953", "101040179", "101041115", "101042304", "101053801", "101054327", "101064707", "101077479", "101080152", "101099697", "101113946", "101115315", "101115548", "101162021", "101188707", "101197927", "101214315", "101218392", "101228904", "101232097", "101247472", "101266228", "101335317", "648011", "705713", "714235", "742559", "750777", "758053", "820363", "835791", "841040", "843706", "851740", "863313", "898125", "899354", "948986", "964398" ], "activity": "high", "organisations": 86, "companies": 22, "smes": 17, "countries": 19, "top_companies": [ { "name": "Bluefors OY", "country": "FI", "sme": true, "projects": 2 }, { "name": "Eurice European Research and Project Office GMBH", "country": "DE", "sme": true, "projects": 2 }, { "name": "Low Noise Factory AB", "country": "SE", "sme": true, "projects": 2 }, { "name": "Orange Quantum Systems Operational BV", "country": "NL", "sme": true, "projects": 2 }, { "name": "Quantware B.v.", "country": "NL", "sme": true, "projects": 2 } ], "gleif": { "companies": 22, "checked": 22, "lei": 8, "eu_lei": 7, "outside": 0, "share_outside": 0 }, "patents": { "checked": 22, "families": 178, "partial": false } } }, { "id": "sc-cryo", "label": "Dilution refrigerator", "level": "subsystem", "parent": "sc", "platform": "sc", "description": "The cryostat that keeps the processor below about 20 mK, cooling it by mixing two helium isotopes.", "keywords": [ "cryogenic*", "cryostat*", "millikelvin", "sub-kelvin", "cryo-cmos", "cryo-electronic*" ], "scoped": false, "cpc": [], "sources": [ { "title": "Neutron imaging of an operational dilution refrigerator", "authors": "Lawson, C. 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J.; Kirichek, O.", "publisher": "Scientific Reports 12, 1130 (Springer Nature)", "year": 2022, "doi": "10.1038/s41598-022-05025-0", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-05025-0", "read_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8783010/", "read_version": "PubMed Central full text", "retrieved": "2026-10-20", "locator": "Abstract and Introduction, first paragraph" }, { "title": "Engineering cryogenic setups for 100-qubit scale superconducting circuit systems", "authors": "Krinner, S.; Storz, S.; Kurpiers, P.; Magnard, P.; Heinsoo, J.; Keller, R.; Lütolf, J.; Eichler, C.; Wallraff, A.", "publisher": "EPJ Quantum Technology 6, 2 (Springer)", "year": 2019, "doi": "10.1140/epjqt/s40507-019-0072-0", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1140/epjqt/s40507-019-0072-0", "read_url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/1806.07862", "read_version": "arXiv:1806.07862v1", "retrieved": "2026-10-20", "locator": "Sec. 3.1 (Dilution refrigerator)" } ], "figures": { "projects": 8, "own_projects": 8, "project_ids": [ "101041115", "101099697", "101188707", "101197927", "101218392", "101228904", "101247472", "898125" ], "activity": "medium", "organisations": 17, "companies": 5, "smes": 3, "countries": 9, "top_companies": [ { "name": "Equal 1 Laboratories Ireland Limited", "country": "IE", "sme": true, "projects": 1 }, { "name": "IBM Research GMBH", "country": "CH", "sme": false, "projects": 1 }, { "name": "Kiutra GMBH", "country": "DE", "sme": true, "projects": 1 }, { "name": "Scientific Cryo Systems Ug", "country": "DE", "sme": false, "projects": 1 }, { "name": "Semiqon Technologies OY", "country": "FI", "sme": true, "projects": 1 } ], "gleif": { "companies": 5, "checked": 5, "lei": 0, "eu_lei": 0, "outside": 0, "share_outside": null }, "patents": { "checked": 5, "families": 11, "partial": false } } }, { "id": "sc-cryo-dilution", "label": "Dilution unit and mixing chamber", "level": "component", "parent": "sc-cryo", "platform": "sc", "description": "The coldest stage, where helium-3 crosses from a concentrated into a dilute phase in helium-4 and absorbs heat.", "keywords": [ "dilution refrigerat*", "dilution unit*", "dilution cryostat*", "mixing chamber*" ], "scoped": false, "cpc": [ "F25B9/12" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Neutron imaging of an operational dilution refrigerator", "authors": "Lawson, C. 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R.; Jones, A. T.; Kockelmann, W.; Horney, S. J.; Kirichek, O.", "publisher": "Scientific Reports 12, 1130 (Springer Nature)", "year": 2022, "doi": "10.1038/s41598-022-05025-0", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-05025-0", "read_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8783010/", "read_version": "PubMed Central full text", "retrieved": "2026-10-20", "locator": "Introduction, second paragraph (closed cycle refrigerators)" }, { "title": "Engineering cryogenic setups for 100-qubit scale superconducting circuit systems", "authors": "Krinner, S.; Storz, S.; Kurpiers, P.; Magnard, P.; Heinsoo, J.; Keller, R.; Lütolf, J.; Eichler, C.; Wallraff, A.", "publisher": "EPJ Quantum Technology 6, 2 (Springer)", "year": 2019, "doi": "10.1140/epjqt/s40507-019-0072-0", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1140/epjqt/s40507-019-0072-0", "read_url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/1806.07862", "read_version": "arXiv:1806.07862v1", "retrieved": "2026-10-20", "locator": "Sec. 3.1 (two pulse tube coolers at the 50K and 4K stages)" } ], "figures": { "projects": 0, "own_projects": 0, "project_ids": [], "activity": "none", "organisations": 0, "companies": 0, "smes": 0, "countries": 0, "top_companies": [], "gleif": { "companies": 0, "checked": 0, "lei": 0, "eu_lei": 0, "outside": 0, "share_outside": null }, "patents": { "checked": 0, "families": 0, "partial": false } } }, { "id": "sc-cryo-shielding", "label": "Radiation and magnetic shielding", "level": "component", "parent": "sc-cryo", "platform": "sc", "description": "Infrared-blocking filters, absorbing material and magnetic shields that keep stray radiation and fields away from the qubits.", "keywords": [ "infrared filter*", "magnetic shield*", "radiation shield*", "shielding" ], "scoped": true, "cpc": [], "sources": [ { "title": "Engineering cryogenic setups for 100-qubit scale superconducting circuit systems", "authors": "Krinner, S.; Storz, S.; Kurpiers, P.; Magnard, P.; Heinsoo, J.; Keller, R.; Lütolf, J.; Eichler, C.; Wallraff, A.", "publisher": "EPJ Quantum Technology 6, 2 (Springer)", "year": 2019, "doi": "10.1140/epjqt/s40507-019-0072-0", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1140/epjqt/s40507-019-0072-0", "read_url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/1806.07862", "read_version": "arXiv:1806.07862v1", "retrieved": "2026-10-20", "locator": "Sec. 1.1 (Typical cabling)" }, { "title": "A quantum engineer's guide to superconducting qubits", "authors": "Krantz, P.; Kjaergaard, M.; Yan, F.; Orlando, T. 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M.; Holmes, N.; Mellor, S.; López, J. D.; Roberts, G.; Hill, R. M.; Boto, E.; Leggett, J.; Shah, V.; Brookes, M. J.; Bowtell, R.; Barnes, G. 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IV.E (Commercial instruments) and IV.F (Applications: ship and aircraft operation), Sec. 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