Report
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A follow-up to ENISA's 2021 study on the state of post-quantum cryptography, written by Bernstein, Hulsing and Lange. It looks at what happens after algorithm selection: how larger keys and signatures strain existing internet protocols such as TLS and VPNs, new protocol designs built around post-quantum primitives, hybrid schemes that combine classical and post-quantum encryption or signatures, the need to rework security proofs for quantum adversaries, and protocol standardisation work at ETSI, IETF and ISO.
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