Report

A follow-up to ENISA's 2021 study on the state of post-quantum cryptography, written by Bernstein, Hulsing and Lange. It looks at what happens after algorithm selection: how larger keys and signatures strain existing internet protocols such as TLS and VPNs, new protocol designs built around post-quantum primitives, hybrid schemes that combine classical and post-quantum encryption or signatures, the need to rework security proofs for quantum adversaries, and protocol standardisation work at ETSI, IETF and ISO.

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The document discusses the deployment of quantum technologies in the EU, focusing on quantum computing, communication, and sensing. It highlights the importance of these technologies for maintaining the EU's technological competitiveness and sovereignty. The report notes the varying maturity levels of these domains, which are transitioning from research to pilot applications and industrial readiness. It emphasizes the need for strategic investment in these areas to ensure future advancements and security in digital infrastructure.

Key points

• Focus on quantum computing, communication, and sensing.
• Critical for EU's technological competitiveness and sovereignty.
• Domains show progress from research to pilot applications.
• Investment in quantum technology is essential for future readiness.

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Joint JRC and European Science-Media Hub report (JRC147828, EUR 40808) prepared for the European Parliament's STOA panel. Using text mining, it compares how quantum technologies are covered by mainstream news and by sources flagged for information manipulation with the topics and geography of scientific publications. Media coverage centres on US corporate breakthroughs and great-power competition, whereas publication and innovation data show a more varied landscape in which the EU plays a leading role.

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JRC report (EUR 40671, Cerutti, Gentilini, Lewis and Travagnin) on functional testing of the ThinkQuantum QuKy QKD system, which uses a three-state BB84 protocol with decoy states. Over a dark-fibre link with attenuation up to 28 dB the system produced secret keys at up to 12 kbit/s with error rates under 2 %, and an encrypted video stream ran for hours. The introduction links the work to the 2025 Quantum Europe Strategy infrastructure goals.

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JRC report (EUR 40111, Cerutti, Lewis, Scudo and Travagnin) assessing the Quell-X fibre QKD system made by the Italian start-up Quantum Telecommunications Italy, installed at the JRC in February 2024. The system, which uses a BB84 variant with attenuated laser pulses, was tested in the lab and on site fibres; results are given for several link lengths and losses, to strengthen JRC support for coordinating EuroQCI.

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JRC technical report (EUR 31594 EN, Cerutti, Lewis and Bonavitacola) on tests of a commercial ID Quantique Cerberis3 fibre QKD system installed at the JRC, run to build experience for supporting EuroQCI. It contrasts classical cryptography with QKD, describes the coherent-one-way protocol and system configuration, and reports secret key rate, quantum bit error rate and interferometer visibility for different fibre lengths and losses.

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JRC technical report (EUR 31133 EN, Lewis and Travagnin) describing a pan-European fibre and satellite quantum communications infrastructure. Its first service would be quantum-secured key distribution, later extended to signatures, authentication and secure time distribution, and possibly a network linking quantum computers and sensors. It reviews European and worldwide initiatives, the case for EU-level action, use cases from telecoms to defence and government, and a deployment roadmap with policy challenges.

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JRC technology assessment (EUR 30492 EN, M. Travagnin) comparing gyroscopes and accelerometers based on cold atom interferometry with devices using other principles, for space and defence uses. It stresses that absolute measurement and long-term stability could reduce recalibration needs in inertial navigation, including where satellite navigation is unavailable, and situates the assessment within EU activity in Copernicus, Galileo and the emerging defence industrial policy.

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JRC technical report (EUR 30289 EN, M. Travagnin) explaining the physics of cold atom interferometry and how it enables high-performance accelerometers, gyroscopes, gravimeters and gravity gradiometers. It assesses the maturity of these sensors, notes uses in autonomous navigation and possible satellite monitoring of Earth's gravity field, and is written for non-specialist EU policymakers dealing with space, defence and Earth observation programmes.

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JRC report (EUR 30196 EN) on the Putting Science into Standards workshop on quantum technologies held in Brussels in March 2019, co-organised with CEN, CENELEC, DG CNECT and DIN. It brings together researchers, industry and standardisers to identify which quantum technology areas are ready for early standardisation, notes the many existing standardisation initiatives, for example in the QKD area, and is part of the Flagship-era effort to get the quantum sector ready for industry.

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