Quantum publications and patent families by country
Quantum research publications and patent families by country, from open sources. Counts describe what the sources record; they are not a measure of national capability, and nothing on this page ranks or scores a country.
Quantum publications
Research articles, reviews and conference papers in the quantum topics of OpenAlex with at least one author affiliated in the country, in 2025 (OpenAlex, CC0, retrieved 2026-10-25). A work with authors in several countries counts for each of them.
| Country | Publications in 2025 | Per million inhabitants | Change since 2021 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Austria | 398 | 43.2 | +2.1% |
| Belgium | 167 | 14 | +29.5% |
| Bulgaria | 35 | 5.45 | +25% |
| Croatia | 22 | 5.68 | +100% |
| Cyprus | 27 | 27.1 | +170% |
| Czechia | 169 | 15.5 | +29% |
| Denmark | 306 | 50.8 | +35.4% |
| Estonia | 14 | 10.3 | +27.3% |
| Finland | 207 | 36.6 | +71.1% |
| France | 1,055 | 15.3 | +22.7% |
| Germany | 2,380 | 28.5 | +39.4% |
| Greece | 124 | 12 | +45.9% |
| Hungary | 117 | 12.3 | +64.8% |
| Ireland | 109 | 19.8 | +62.7% |
| Italy | 1,250 | 21.2 | +70.8% |
| Latvia | 22 | 11.9 | +37.5% |
| Lithuania | 31 | 10.7 | +72.2% |
| Luxembourg | 42 | 60.8 | +68% |
| Malta | 10 | 17 | +400% |
| Netherlands | 422 | 23.3 | +32.3% |
| Poland | 445 | 12.2 | +24.3% |
| Portugal | 108 | 9.45 | +33.3% |
| Romania | 52 | 2.73 | +30% |
| Slovakia | 31 | 5.73 | +6.9% |
| Slovenia | 31 | 14.5 | +72.2% |
| Spain | 874 | 17.6 | +72.4% |
| Sweden | 263 | 24.8 | +64.4% |
| Country | Publications in 2025 | Per million inhabitants | Change since 2021 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Iceland | 6 | - | +20% |
| Liechtenstein | 0 | - | - |
| Norway | 49 | 8.71 | +16.7% |
| Switzerland | 516 | 56.6 | +17.5% |
| United Kingdom | 1,410 | 20.3 | +9% |
| Israel | 314 | - | +26.6% |
| Türkiye | 169 | 1.97 | +25.2% |
| Serbia | 34 | 5.21 | +61.9% |
| Ukraine | 138 | 3.37 | +72.5% |
| Country | Publications in 2025 | Per million inhabitants | Change since 2021 |
|---|---|---|---|
| United States | 4,909 | - | +42.6% |
| China | 5,757 | - | +53.5% |
| Japan | 1,316 | - | +32.1% |
| Canada | 814 | - | +28% |
| South Korea | 569 | - | +70.4% |
| India | 2,133 | - | +175.9% |
| Australia | 532 | - | +13.4% |
| Singapore | 349 | - | +31.7% |
Per million inhabitants is left out (-) where the count is under 10, because a few items in a small country give a large and unstable rate.
Quantum patent families
Patent families (DOCDB simple families) in the quantum CPC groups read from EPO Open Patent Services, with an organisation applicant resident in the country and an earliest priority date from 2020 to 2024. A family with applicants in several countries counts for each of them; applicants that may be natural persons are left out.
Partial data. 84% of the publication months these priority years need have been read so far (63 of 143 publication windows since 2015). The counts will rise as the reader goes on.
| Country | Families 2020 to 2024 | Per million inhabitants |
|---|---|---|
| Austria | 75 (partial) | 8.14 |
| Belgium | 5 (partial) | - |
| Bulgaria | 0 (partial) | - |
| Croatia | 0 (partial) | - |
| Cyprus | 0 (partial) | - |
| Czechia | 0 (partial) | - |
| Denmark | 19 (partial) | 3.15 |
| Estonia | 1 (partial) | - |
| Finland | 151 (partial) | 26.7 |
| France | 282 (partial) | 4.08 |
| Germany | 456 (partial) | 5.46 |
| Greece | 0 (partial) | - |
| Hungary | 2 (partial) | - |
| Ireland | 27 (partial) | 4.90 |
| Italy | 25 (partial) | 0.42 |
| Latvia | 0 (partial) | - |
| Lithuania | 0 (partial) | - |
| Luxembourg | 0 (partial) | - |
| Malta | 1 (partial) | - |
| Netherlands | 92 (partial) | 5.07 |
| Poland | 25 (partial) | 0.69 |
| Portugal | 3 (partial) | - |
| Romania | 0 (partial) | - |
| Slovakia | 0 (partial) | - |
| Slovenia | 1 (partial) | - |
| Spain | 83 (partial) | 1.67 |
| Sweden | 18 (partial) | 1.70 |
| Country | Families 2020 to 2024 | Per million inhabitants |
|---|---|---|
| Iceland | 0 (partial) | - |
| Liechtenstein | 3 (partial) | - |
| Norway | 2 (partial) | - |
| Switzerland | 82 (partial) | 8.99 |
| United Kingdom | 315 (partial) | 4.53 |
| Israel | 144 (partial) | - |
| Türkiye | 8 (partial) | - |
| Serbia | 0 (partial) | - |
| Ukraine | 0 (partial) | - |
| Country | Families 2020 to 2024 | Per million inhabitants |
|---|---|---|
| United States | 2,237 (partial) | - |
| China | 535 (partial) | - |
| Japan | 701 (partial) | - |
| Canada | 224 (partial) | - |
| South Korea | 575 (partial) | - |
| India | 54 (partial) | - |
| Australia | 60 (partial) | - |
| Singapore | 42 (partial) | - |
Per million inhabitants is left out (-) where a country has fewer than 10 families.
Patent independence: indicative bands
For each technology group and period of earliest priority, the band in which the share of patent families with at least one EU-based organisation applicant falls. "By residence" uses the country of residence of the applicant in the EPO data; "with GLEIF parents" replaces it with the country of the controlling parent that the applicant reports to GLEIF, where the portal has linked the applicant to an organisation with an LEI. Bands of 20 points, never a single score; no band below 30 families with a known country.
| Priority years | Technology | Families with a known applicant country | EU-based share by residence | EU-based share with GLEIF parents |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2015-2019 | Quantum computing | 501 so far | Not yet available (2% read) | Not yet available (2% read) |
| 2015-2019 | Quantum communication and cryptography | 196 so far | Not yet available (2% read) | Not yet available (2% read) |
| 2015-2019 | Quantum sensing and metrology (atomic clocks) | 19 so far | Not yet available (2% read) | Not yet available (2% read) |
| 2020-2024 | Quantum computing | 4,741 so far | Not yet available (84% read) | Not yet available (84% read) |
| 2020-2024 | Quantum communication and cryptography | 1,564 so far | Not yet available (84% read) | Not yet available (84% read) |
| 2020-2024 | Quantum sensing and metrology (atomic clocks) | 196 so far | Not yet available (84% read) | Not yet available (84% read) |
Bands are published once at least 90% of the publication months a period needs have been read; before that the share rests on a fraction of the families and could move by a whole band.
Download: Both tables as JSON · Publications and patent families by country as CSV · Patent independence bands as CSV
Method, sources and limits
- Publications: OpenAlex (CC0), one request per publication year grouped by author country, in the same five quantum topics and work types as Europe in the world, refreshed monthly.
- Patent families: EPO Open Patent Services, published documents in the CPC groups G06N 10/00 Quantum computing; H04L 9/0852 Quantum cryptography; H04B 10/70 Photonic quantum communication; G04F 5/14 Timing standards using atomic clocks with their lower levels, read month by month of publication date within 60 requests a day of the shared EPO budget of the portal; 26,549 documents read so far. Data from the EPO; derived counts only, as the OPS terms allow.
- A family is counted in the year of its earliest priority date. Priority years count as complete once the publication months of that year and the two following years have been read; the most recent years stay low because publication follows priority by about 18 months.
- Organisations only: an applicant is kept when its name carries an organisation word or legal form, or equals a portal organisation, and is left out when the EPO marks it as an applicant-inventor or its name equals one of the inventors. Inventor names are never stored or shown.
- Per million inhabitants: Eurostat population on 1 January (retrieved 2026-10-21), where Eurostat has it; left out under 10 works or families, and for patents while less than half of the publication months are read.
- Independence bands are withheld until the priority years of the period are complete, and then published only with at least 30 families with a known country.
- Built 2 Nov 2026 14:13 (UTC).