| Quantum-safe Network performance of commercial systems (secret-key rate and reach) | 1 kbps secret-key rate @ 20 dB loss (~100 km); national QCIs deployed in all Member States to experiment with QKD | >1 Mbps @ metropolitan scale (10 dB); long reach links (300 km / 60 dB tolerated loss); experimental cross-border links operational | >10 Mbps in representative deployment settings; QKD in production for unclassified use; reach extended via terrestrial and/or space-supported infrastructure | 59 |
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| Quantum-safe Telecom and security integration, including hybrid QKD/PQC deployment and service availability (SA) | Point-to-point hardware integration in dedicated testbeds; manual or static PQC/QKD key coupling; best-effort / lab-grade availability (< 90%) | Compatibility with major telecom architectures and SDN-based environments; >3 representative use cases; SA >95% in representative use cases | Full integration into telecom and security operational environments; standardized wider deployment; SA >99.9%, where required by target use cases; mature certification support | 59 |
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| Entanglement-based Distribution reach and fidelity | Entanglement distribution demonstrated out of the lab (25 km); ~98% fidelity in 2-node scenarios | Metropolitan pilot facilities distribute entanglement over ~50 km (~95% fidelity, multi-node); benchmarked distribution rate at medium scale | Inter-metropolitan pilots distribute entanglement over ~300 km, stable (~90% fidelity, node/service dependent); > 1,000 km demonstrated in lab conditions | 59 |
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| Entanglement-based Network infrastructure and node scale | 2-node/point-to-point demonstrations; early general-purpose quantum network deployment | ≥1 field-operational pilot facility with quantum network nodes linking data-centre environments; multi-node validation at medium scale | Stable 200 km inter-metropolitan quantum links; ≥10 concurrent user nodes via metropolitan hubs; multi-node, multi-platform validation at large scale | 60 |
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| Satellite Space-based QKD service rolloutCells of this row were assigned to columns in the reading order of the extracted table; check the page. | QKD demonstrated from space in real environment (German QUBE-II); EAGLE-1 targets functional tests with ≥2 OGS by 2027 | 10+ countries have exchanged demonstration keys via EAGLE-1; IRIS² QKD microsatellite missions; ≥10 OGS across Member States, cross-border routing validated | Service validation of secure key distribution from space for unclassified information; operational satellite QKD service integrated with EuroQCI pilots; multi-satellite service, Galileo-like coverage | 60 |
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| Satellite Space-segment performance, interoperability and certificationCells of this row were assigned to columns in the reading order of the extracted table; check the page. | Space-to-ground SKR >100 bps average/pass (or > 100 kbit total key per pass) for LEO satellites; basic terrestrial–satellite interfacing, draft standards; certification limited to basic test procedures; early studies on space-based entanglement use cases | >2 kbps average/pass (or > 1 Mbits total key per pass), 95% availability in clear-sky conditions; standardized integration with EuroQCI controllers; first certified satellite-QKD components; operational role of space in the quantum internet established | > 10 kbps operational service during pass (or > 20 Mbits per pass / multi-satellite / MEO-GEO relays); >99% priority-service availability; multidomain orchestration across fibre, satellite and repeater links; security accreditation for critical use; entanglement from space demonstrated | 60 |
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| End users QKD adoption | Subsidised pilot projects on use cases in demo environments | Security agencies have defined the conditions under which certified hybrid QKD-PQC deployments meet their requirements | ≥50 organisations in the EU purchase and consume EU QKD without subsidies | 61 |
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| End users Entanglement-based adoption | Initial catalog of documented entanglement use cases published; early lab-level PoCs for device-independent QKD (DI-QKD) and distributed quantum sensing | Detailed PoC plans developed with early adopters across 3 vertical sectors | Field-validated PoC pilots operating on established European testbeds, connecting 5 operational end-user sites for distributed quantum processing and secure clock synchronization | 61 |
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| Certification and standardisation Standards and procurement criteria | Landscape still centred on ongoing ETSI work (e.g. ETSI ISG QKD); ≥10 European SMEs already active in standards development, interoperability tested in pilots | Full set of draft standards across several SDOs (ETSI, CEN/CENELEC JTC22, ISO, ITU, IETF); procurement criteria standardised; standardised APIs/monitoring interfaces adopted by major European vendors, multi-vendor interoperability validated in ≥3 cross-border pilots | Mature, approved and adopted standards set; seamless interoperability between European QKD domains; European certification ecosystem recognised internationally | 61 |
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| Certification and standardisation Certified systems and accredited testing | Certification on a "working, best-effort" basis; mostly research-grade labs, fragmented attack catalogues | Testing facilities established, 1/3 of systems tested; standardised attack libraries/validation procedures for major implementation attacks; accredited labs perform standardised component/system evaluation | >80% of systems certified (application-dependent); pan-European network of accredited laboratories supports certification and continuous conformity assessment | 62 |
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