Technology hub: Cryogenics and cooling
Equipment that cools quantum devices to kelvin or millikelvin temperatures, such as dilution refrigerators and cryostats, and the cryogenic wiring and electronics inside them.
- Pillar
- Enabling technologies and supply chain
- Related codes
- None: no CPC group, OpenAlex topic or EuroSciVoc concept names this technology precisely.
- Axis in the faceted taxonomy
- Component or layer: Cryogenics and cooling (draft — to be completed by the responsible team)
- Validation
- Proposed — not yet validated by an expert
- Sources of the definition
1 source
- Quantum Flagship: Strategic Research and Industry Agenda (SRIA) for quantum technologies, draft for the second phase of the public consultation; chapter 3, Quantum Sensing & Metrology Roadmap Update 2026 (pp. 75 to 100), chapter 4, Supply Chain and Enabling Technologies Roadmap Update 2026 (pp. 101 to 134) (read 2026-10-29)
18 confirmed items. Including suggestions by rules or AI, not yet reviewed: 23. Suggestions are counted, not listed.
At a glance
Key items: EU and national projects
- CRYOFAST: Democratizing Cryogenic Measurements for the Quantum Ecosystem
- 3He-4He demixing cryostat (cryogen-free) for mK investigations on quantum circuits.
- QUANTUM-VIBES: An innovative vibration decoupling systems operated at mK temperatures for cryogenic detectors and quantum computing
Key items: Organisations and companies
Expert review sheet of the faceted taxonomy (every value, definition and source)
Overview
The technology atlas of Cryogenics and cooling: its value chain, the documented actors by role, facilities, funding, patents and publications, standards and policy measures on one page, each from a source the portal already publishes. Each section says whether these sources document the technology, show an evidence gap or hold nothing about it.
| Section | State in these sources | Records |
|---|---|---|
| Value chain | Documented in these sources | 12 |
| Actors by role | Documented in these sources | 27 |
| Facilities and access | No evidence found in these sources | 0 |
| Funding | Documented in these sources | 6 |
| Patents and publications | Documented in these sources | 1 |
| Standards | No evidence found in these sources | 0 |
| Policy measures | Documented in these sources | 5 |
| Evidence gaps | Evidence gap in these sources | 2 |
- Documented in these sources: at least one record of these sources is about this technology.
- Evidence gap in these sources: the parts tree names a stage, but no documented European actor is linked to it here. Evidence gap in these sources, not a finding of dependency.
- No evidence found in these sources: No evidence found in these sources. It means only that these sources hold nothing on it.
Public layer: structure and documented actors only. Actor roles come from typed, dated relationships and are never inferred from shared projects or patents. Supplier assessments of the restricted dependency map are not shown on this public page. No technology readiness level is given.
External context: EPO Observatory: quantum technologies · EPO Deep Tech Finder
Value chain
The stages of this technology in the parts tree, a reference structure from review articles and EU law, with the European companies whose own product page names a product line for the stage or a part under it (the curated supplier directory).
Documented in these sources: 12 stages; 2 stages with an evidence gap.
Parts named by this technology
| Stage | Level | Part of | Materials | Documented European actors | State |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dilution refrigerator | Subsystem | Superconducting circuits | Air Liquide; Bluefors; Entropy; ICEoxford; Leiden Cryogenics; Magnetic Shields; Quantum Design Oxford; VACUUMSCHMELZE | Documented in these sources | |
| Pulse-tube cryocooler | Component | Dilution refrigerator | Bluefors | Documented in these sources | |
| Cryogenic signal lines | Subsystem | Superconducting circuits | Basel Precision Instruments; CryoCoax; Delft Circuits; Low Noise Factory; Rosenberger | Documented in these sources | |
| Readout amplifier chain | Subsystem | Superconducting circuits | Arctic Instruments; Low Noise Factory; Silent Waves | Documented in these sources | |
| Ultra-high-vacuum system | Subsystem | Trapped ions | Edwards Vacuum; kiutra; Leybold; Pfeiffer Vacuum | Documented in these sources | |
| Cryogenic trap environment | Component | Ultra-high-vacuum system | kiutra | Documented in these sources | |
| Superconducting nanowire detectors | Component | State detection | Single Quantum | Documented in these sources | |
| Detector cryostat | Component | Single-photon detectors | Evidence gap in these sources Evidence gap in these sources, not a finding of dependency. | ||
| Rare-earth-doped crystals | Component | Storage media | Yttrium (host lattice); Erbium, europium, praseodymium and thulium dopants | Evidence gap in these sources Evidence gap in these sources, not a finding of dependency. | |
| Cryogenics | Subsystem | Quantum memories for networks | Air Liquide; attocube; Bluefors; Entropy; ICEoxford; kiutra; Leiden Cryogenics; Quantum Design Oxford | Documented in these sources | |
| Closed-cycle cryostats and dilution refrigerators | Component | Cryogenics | Helium-3 and helium-4 (critical raw material) | Air Liquide; attocube; Bluefors; Entropy; ICEoxford; kiutra; Leiden Cryogenics; Quantum Design Oxford | Documented in these sources |
| Helium-3 and helium-4 | Material | Closed-cycle cryostats and dilution refrigerators | Air Liquide | Documented in these sources |
Supply-chain parts and critical raw materials
From the parts tree: a reference structure of what each technology needs, down to materials, compiled from public review articles and EU law. It is not a supplier assessment.
Parts whose name or description these keywords match:
- Dilution refrigerator
- Pulse-tube cryocooler
- Cryogenic signal lines
- Readout amplifier chain
- Ultra-high-vacuum system
- Cryogenic trap environment
- Superconducting nanowire detectors
- Detector cryostat
- Rare-earth-doped crystals
- Cryogenics
- Closed-cycle cryostats and dilution refrigerators
- Helium-3 and helium-4
Parts tree of quantum technologies
Critical raw materials as listed in Annex II of the Critical Raw Materials Act (Regulation (EU) 2024/1252).
Actors by role
Organisations with a documented relationship to this technology: a product line on the company’s own product page, the host or programme the infrastructure catalogue names for a facility, or the operator of an access route. Each row names its source and the date it was read. Roles are never inferred from taking part in the same project or patent.
| Role | Actors | State | Where |
|---|---|---|---|
| Manufacturer or supplier of a part | 21 | Documented in these sources | 21 organisations in the table below. |
| Host, operator or access provider | 0 | No evidence found in these sources | 0 organisations in the table below. |
| Funder or programme | 0 | No evidence found in these sources | 0 organisations in the table below. |
| Researcher or developer | 1 | Documented in these sources | Organisations confirmed under this technology by the classification; listed in “Organisations and companies” below. Participants in EU-funded projects are counted per pillar in technology intelligence. |
| User | 0 | No evidence found in these sources | These sources record no user of this technology. |
| Organisation | Role | Country | Relationship | Stages | Source and date read |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Air Liquide | Manufacturer or supplier of a part | FR | Helium-3 He3 (helium-3 gas supply for dilution refrigerators of quantum computers) | Helium-3 and helium-4 | Source (read 2026-10-26) |
| Arctic Instruments | Manufacturer or supplier of a part | FI | AI-TWPA-C (travelling-wave parametric amplifier for qubit readout) | Readout amplifier chain | Source (read 2026-10-26) |
| attocube | Manufacturer or supplier of a part | DE | attoDRY (closed-cycle cryostats) | Closed-cycle cryostats and dilution refrigerators | Source (read 2026-10-26) Partly verified: the page does not state the quantum use. |
| Basel Precision Instruments | Manufacturer or supplier of a part | CH | Microwave Filter & Thermalizer (cryogenic microwave filters and thermalisers) | Cryogenic signal lines | Source (read 2026-10-26) Partly verified: the page does not state the quantum use. |
| Bluefors | Manufacturer or supplier of a part | FI | Cryomech Pulse Tube Cryocoolers (pulse-tube cryocoolers) | Pulse-tube cryocooler | Source (read 2026-10-26) |
| Bluefors | Manufacturer or supplier of a part | FI | XLDsl, LD, Ultra-Compact LD, SD and LH systems (dilution refrigerator measurement systems for superconducting and spin qubit experiments) | Dilution refrigerator; Closed-cycle cryostats and dilution refrigerators | Source (read 2026-10-26) |
| CryoCoax | Manufacturer or supplier of a part | GB | Cable and Cable Assemblies; High Density Connectors (cryogenic coaxial cables and connectors) | Cryogenic signal lines | Source (read 2026-10-26) Partly verified: the page does not state the quantum use. |
| Delft Circuits | Manufacturer or supplier of a part | NL | Cri/oFlex (flexible multi-channel cryogenic stripline cabling for quantum systems) | Cryogenic signal lines | Source (read 2026-10-26) |
| Edwards Vacuum | Manufacturer or supplier of a part | GB | HyTan NEG-Ion pumps and Gamma Vacuum NEG pumps (combined getter and ion pumps for ultra-high vacuum) | Ultra-high-vacuum system | Source (read 2026-10-26) Partly verified: the page does not state the quantum use. |
| Entropy | Manufacturer or supplier of a part | DE | Dilution, ADR and closed-cycle cryostats (dilution refrigerator, ADR and closed-cycle cryostats) | Closed-cycle cryostats and dilution refrigerators | Source (read 2026-10-26) Partly verified: the page does not state the quantum use. |
| ICEoxford | Manufacturer or supplier of a part | GB | Dilution Dry Systems and Dilution Wet Systems (dilution cryostats) | Closed-cycle cryostats and dilution refrigerators | Source (read 2026-10-26) Partly verified: the page does not state the quantum use. |
| kiutra | Manufacturer or supplier of a part | DE | L-Type Rapid (adiabatic demagnetisation (ADR) sub-kelvin cryostat for quantum computing and cryo-electronics) | Closed-cycle cryostats and dilution refrigerators | Source (read 2026-10-26) |
| kiutra | Manufacturer or supplier of a part | DE | T-Type Optical (4 K optical cryostat for trapped-ion quantum computing) | Cryogenic trap environment | Source (read 2026-10-26) |
| Leiden Cryogenics | Manufacturer or supplier of a part | NL | CF-CS110 and QUPER dilution refrigerators (dilution refrigerators, including a fast-turnaround inverted unit for qubit testing) | Closed-cycle cryostats and dilution refrigerators | Source (read 2026-10-30) |
| Leybold | Manufacturer or supplier of a part | DE | ECODRY plus, TURBOVAC i/iX and TURBOLAB (low-vibration backing pumps, turbomolecular pumps and pumping stations for quantum labs) | Ultra-high-vacuum system | Source (read 2026-10-26) |
| Low Noise Factory | Manufacturer or supplier of a part | SE | Cryogenic Isolators/Circulators (cryogenic isolators and circulators) | Cryogenic signal lines | Source (read 2026-10-26) Partly verified: the page does not state the quantum use. |
| Low Noise Factory | Manufacturer or supplier of a part | SE | Cryogenic Low Noise Amplifiers (cryogenic InP HEMT low-noise amplifiers for qubit readout) | Readout amplifier chain | Source (read 2026-10-26) |
| Magnetic Shields | Manufacturer or supplier of a part | GB | Cryogenic (cryogenic magnetic shields) | Dilution refrigerator | Source (read 2026-10-26) |
| Pfeiffer Vacuum | Manufacturer or supplier of a part | DE | HiCube Neo and turbopump packages (turbomolecular pumping stations for research) | Ultra-high-vacuum system | Source (read 2026-10-26) Partly verified: the page does not state the quantum use. |
| Quantum Design Oxford | Manufacturer or supplier of a part | GB | ProteoxLX (cryogen-free dilution refrigerator for quantum computing scale-up) | Dilution refrigerator; Closed-cycle cryostats and dilution refrigerators | Source (read 2026-10-26) |
| Quantum Design Oxford | Manufacturer or supplier of a part | GB | ProteoxS, ProteoxMX and Proteox5mK (cryogen-free dilution refrigerators) | Closed-cycle cryostats and dilution refrigerators | Source (read 2026-10-26) Partly verified: the page does not state the quantum use. |
| Rosenberger | Manufacturer or supplier of a part | DE | Cryogenic cable assemblies (semi-rigid cryogenic coaxial assemblies, including niobium-titanium) | Cryogenic signal lines | Source (read 2026-10-26) |
| Rosenberger | Manufacturer or supplier of a part | DE | Multichannel WSMP series (16- and 32-channel cryogenic RF connectors for quantum computers) | Cryogenic signal lines | Source (read 2026-10-26) |
| Silent Waves | Manufacturer or supplier of a part | FR | Argo, Carthago and Zephyr (travelling-wave parametric amplifiers (TWPA) for quantum computing) | Readout amplifier chain | Source (read 2026-10-26) |
| Single Quantum | Manufacturer or supplier of a part | NL | Single Quantum Eos (compact superconducting nanowire single-photon detector (SNSPD) systems) | Superconducting nanowire detectors | Source (read 2026-10-26) |
| VACUUMSCHMELZE | Manufacturer or supplier of a part | DE | CRYOPERM (nickel-iron alloy for magnetic shielding at cryogenic temperatures) | Dilution refrigerator | Source (read 2026-10-30) Partly verified: the page does not state the quantum use. |
Organisations and companies
1 confirmed item. Including suggestions by rules or AI, not yet reviewed and not listed here: 2.
Companies of Cryogenics and cooling in the investor screener
Facilities and access
Facilities of this technology in the infrastructure catalogue, the furthest milestone the deployment tracker evidences for each, and the current access routes that open them.
No evidence found in these sources. The infrastructure catalogue lists no facility for this technology.
Infrastructure and deployment status
1 confirmed item.
Funding
Upcoming work-programme topics in this technology (the EU programme pipeline) and the funding instruments whose stated quantum relevance names it. The awards of its EU-funded projects and the announced funding rounds follow below.
Upcoming topics in the programme pipeline
Documented in these sources: 2 upcoming topics (pipeline read 2026-11-01).
- Superconducting Platform Technologies
- Trapped-Ion Platform Technologies
Pipeline topics of Cryogenics and cooling
Funding instruments
| Instrument | Programme | Stated quantum relevance | Why it is shown |
|---|---|---|---|
| EIC Accelerator | Horizon Europe: European Innovation Council | The EIC Work Programme 2026 states that the Accelerator Open call remains available to start-ups and SMEs, including for quantum technologies, with specific safeguards on investments in quantum. | Names its pillar, Enabling technologies and supply chain |
| EIC STEP Scale Up | Horizon Europe: European Innovation Council, Strategic Technologies for Europe Platform (STEP) | Quantum technologies are among the digital and deep-tech priority areas, and the EIC Work Programme 2026 says support for quantum start-ups will be pursued in particular through this call. | Names its pillar, Enabling technologies and supply chain |
| EuroHPC JU quantum technology calls (Quantum Flagship) | Horizon Europe: Quantum Flagship, implemented by the EuroHPC JU | Since Council Regulation (EU) 2026/150 entered into force on 20 January 2026, the JU implements the Union's quantum technology agenda, including the Quantum Flagship funded through Horizon Europe, and its 2026 calls cover quantum computing platforms, QKD, testing infrastructure, pilot lines, sensing, machine learning and standards. | Names its pillar, Enabling technologies and supply chain |
| Chips JU quantum actions (Chips for Europe Initiative) | Chips for Europe Initiative: Horizon Europe and Digital Europe Programme | The Chips for Europe Initiative includes dedicated quantum actions: building capacity for quantum chips, design libraries, dedicated pilots and testing facilities, from superconducting circuits to photonic, neutral-atom and ion-trap chips. | Names its pillar, Enabling technologies and supply chain |
6 more instruments are open to any field of research and are not listed here.
EU and national projects
16 confirmed items. Including suggestions by rules or AI, not yet reviewed and not listed here: 20.
| Measure | Total | Projects with an amount | Projects without one |
|---|---|---|---|
| EU contribution (maximum grant agreed) | EUR 2,649,962.50 | 2 | 0 |
| Measure | Total | Projects with an amount | Projects without one |
|---|---|---|---|
| award value (Gateway to Research) | GBP 2,652,138 | 7 | 0 |
| total eligible expenditure | EUR 550,000 | 1 | 0 |
| award value (Gateway to Research) | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| funded amount | 0 | 0 | 5 |
Each project counts once. A total adds the amount each source states for its projects within one measure and one currency only: EU contributions, national awards and other measures are never added together. Total cost includes the award and is shown separately. A country filter keeps whole projects with a participant in the country, so its total is not the country's share. Programme envelopes, partner shares, co-funding and payments are separate layers and are never added to awards; payments are not published by the sources used. Outputs are linked only through an explicit project or grant identifier or reviewed documentary evidence, never by name alone; only a reviewed document can show a demonstrated contribution. CORDIS and Funding & Tenders amounts are one measure, the EU contribution (maximum grant agreed in the grant agreement, not payments). Country codes EL and UK are read as GR (Greece) and GB (United Kingdom). National and regional rows whose title names no quantum technology are left out unless asked for. EU and national totals are shown apart and never added.
- CRYOFAST: Democratizing Cryogenic Measurements for the Quantum Ecosystem
- 3He-4He demixing cryostat (cryogen-free) for mK investigations on quantum circuits.
- QUANTUM-VIBES: An innovative vibration decoupling systems operated at mK temperatures for cryogenic detectors and quantum computing
- On-Chip milliKelvin Electronic Refrigerator for Astronomical and Quantum Device Applications
- ColdCycle: High efficiency quantum cryostat
Patents and publications
Patent counts come from EPO Open Patent Services in technology intelligence, by CPC group, and per EPO quantum concept in the technology intelligence reports; publications by OpenAlex topic. The patent series of this node and its documents follow below.
Documented in these sources: 1 indicator page of this technology.
Patent landscape of Cryogenics and cooling in technology intelligence · All technology intelligence reports
Patents
No patent series for this node. Cryogenic equipment is classified by what it is (the parts tree keeps F25B 9/12 for its dilution unit), not by its use in quantum technologies, so no CPC group isolates its quantum use.
Standards
Standards, specifications, committees and roadmaps of the standards tracker in the scope of this technology, each with its body and status.
No evidence found in these sources. The standards tracker has no scope for this technology.
9 tracked items are about quantum technologies in general.
Policy measures
Actions of the Quantum Europe Strategy (COM(2025) 363) that name this technology or its pillar, or that link one of its facilities, with their status in the strategy tracker.
Documented in these sources: 5 actions.
| Action | Status | Target | Why it is shown | Where in the strategy |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Establish six quantum pilot lines under the Chips Joint Undertaking | Delivered (evidence) | 2025 | Names its pillar, Enabling technologies and supply chain | Section 2.3.1 (p. 12) and action list (p. 15); Appendix, Area 3 (p. 23) |
| Launch a quantum design facility | Announced | 2026 | Names its pillar, Enabling technologies and supply chain | Section 2.3.1 (p. 12) and action list (p. 15); Appendix, Area 3 (p. 23) |
| Release a Quantum Chips Industrialisation Roadmap | Announced | 2026 | Names its pillar, Enabling technologies and supply chain | Section 2.3.1 (p. 12) and action list (p. 15); Appendix, Area 3 (p. 23) |
| Assess supply-chain vulnerabilities of quantum technologies | In progress (evidence) | 2025-2026 | Names its pillar, Enabling technologies and supply chain | Section 2.3.4 (p. 14) and action list (p. 15); Appendix, Area 3 (p. 23) |
| A Europe-wide network of open-access quantum testbeds | In progress (evidence) | Names its pillar, Enabling technologies and supply chain | Section 2.3.2, first measure (p. 12) |
Evidence gaps
Stages of the value chain for which these sources link no documented European actor. Evidence gap in these sources, not a finding of dependency. A company may well supply the stage without a product page the directory has read; a missing record is never proof of a strategic dependency.
Evidence gap in these sources: 2 stages. Evidence gap in these sources, not a finding of dependency.
| Stage | Level | Part of | Platform | Reading |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Detector cryostat | Component | Single-photon detectors | Parts named by this technology | Evidence gap in these sources, not a finding of dependency. |
| Rare-earth-doped crystals | Component | Storage media | Parts named by this technology | Evidence gap in these sources, not a finding of dependency. |
Know a European supplier for one of these stages? Tell the editors
Further reading
- Understanding Quantum Technologies 2025 (Olivier Ezratty, 8th edition, version 8.1 of 30 October 2025, arXiv:2111.15352 (v6), doi:10.48550/arXiv.2111.15352, CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)See Part 2: Computing hardware
- Understanding Quantum Technologies 2026 (Olivier Ezratty, 9th edition, version 9.0 of 17 October 2026 (latest edition))See Part 2: Computing hardware
Olivier Ezratty, Understanding Quantum Technologies (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). Links only; no text of the book is reproduced on this portal.
All technologies · How items are classified · Published classification method · Draft SRIA 2026 chapter: Supply chain and enabling technologies