Technology hub: Enabling technologies and supply chain
The supply chain the three application pillars are built from, as the SRIA treats it: quantum chips and their fabrication, materials, cryogenics, photonics and lasers, control electronics, and the software stack. It is not a catch-all: work that names no quantum technology belongs to none of the pillars.
- Technology families
- Related codes
- None: no CPC group, OpenAlex topic or EuroSciVoc concept names this technology precisely.
449 confirmed items. Including suggestions by rules or AI, not yet reviewed: 596. Suggestions are counted, not listed.
At a glance
- EU and national projects: 262
- Organisations and companies: 102
- Funding rounds: 22
- Infrastructure and deployment status: 18
- Quantum software: 33
- Courses and master’s programmes: 4
- Jobs and funding calls: 2
- News and events: 6
Key items: EU and national projects
- SUPREME 1: SUPERCONDUCTING EUROPEAN QUANTUM PILOT LINE
- Q-PLANET SGA1: Quantum Pilot Line for production of Advanced chips for Neutral atom European Technologies - Specific Agreement 1
- P4Q: Photonics for Quantum Pilot Line
Key items: Organisations and companies
Explore by function, platform and application
Draft — to be completed by the responsible team. Draft: to be completed by the responsible team. Starter values from the existing enabling families.
- Component or layer
- Cryogenics and cooling; Photonics, lasers and optics; Control electronics; Materials and fabrication; Software stack
- Pillar served
- No starter values yet.
Expert review sheet of the faceted taxonomy (every value, definition and source)
Overview
The technology atlas of Enabling technologies and supply chain: its value chain, the documented actors by role, facilities, funding, patents and publications, standards and policy measures on one page, each from a source the portal already publishes. Each section says whether these sources document the technology, show an evidence gap or hold nothing about it.
| Section | State in these sources | Records |
|---|---|---|
| Value chain | Documented in these sources | 61 |
| Actors by role | Documented in these sources | 207 |
| Facilities and access | Documented in these sources | 8 |
| Funding | Documented in these sources | 5 |
| Patents and publications | Documented in these sources | 1 |
| Standards | No evidence found in these sources | 0 |
| Policy measures | Documented in these sources | 5 |
| Evidence gaps | Evidence gap in these sources | 11 |
- Documented in these sources: at least one record of these sources is about this technology.
- Evidence gap in these sources: the parts tree names a stage, but no documented European actor is linked to it here. Evidence gap in these sources, not a finding of dependency.
- No evidence found in these sources: No evidence found in these sources. It means only that these sources hold nothing on it.
Public layer: structure and documented actors only. Actor roles come from typed, dated relationships and are never inferred from shared projects or patents. Supplier assessments of the restricted dependency map are not shown on this public page. No technology readiness level is given.
External context: EPO Observatory: quantum technologies · EPO Deep Tech Finder
Value chain
The stages of this technology in the parts tree, a reference structure from review articles and EU law, with the European companies whose own product page names a product line for the stage or a part under it (the curated supplier directory).
Documented in these sources: 61 stages; 11 stages with an evidence gap.
Parts named by this technology
| Stage | Level | Part of | Materials | Documented European actors | State |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dilution refrigerator | Subsystem | Superconducting circuits | Air Liquide; Bluefors; Entropy; ICEoxford; Leiden Cryogenics; Magnetic Shields; Quantum Design Oxford; VACUUMSCHMELZE | Documented in these sources | |
| Pulse-tube cryocooler | Component | Dilution refrigerator | Bluefors | Documented in these sources | |
| Cryogenic signal lines | Subsystem | Superconducting circuits | Basel Precision Instruments; CryoCoax; Delft Circuits; Low Noise Factory; Rosenberger | Documented in these sources | |
| Readout amplifier chain | Subsystem | Superconducting circuits | Arctic Instruments; Low Noise Factory; Silent Waves | Documented in these sources | |
| Ultra-high-vacuum system | Subsystem | Trapped ions | Edwards Vacuum; kiutra; Leybold; Pfeiffer Vacuum | Documented in these sources | |
| Cryogenic trap environment | Component | Ultra-high-vacuum system | kiutra | Documented in these sources | |
| Superconducting nanowire detectors | Component | State detection | Single Quantum | Documented in these sources | |
| Detector cryostat | Component | Single-photon detectors | Evidence gap in these sources Evidence gap in these sources, not a finding of dependency. | ||
| Rare-earth-doped crystals | Component | Storage media | Yttrium (host lattice); Erbium, europium, praseodymium and thulium dopants | Evidence gap in these sources Evidence gap in these sources, not a finding of dependency. | |
| Cryogenics | Subsystem | Quantum memories for networks | Air Liquide; attocube; Bluefors; Entropy; ICEoxford; kiutra; Leiden Cryogenics; Quantum Design Oxford | Documented in these sources | |
| Closed-cycle cryostats and dilution refrigerators | Component | Cryogenics | Helium-3 and helium-4 (critical raw material) | Air Liquide; attocube; Bluefors; Entropy; ICEoxford; kiutra; Leiden Cryogenics; Quantum Design Oxford | Documented in these sources |
| Helium-3 and helium-4 | Material | Closed-cycle cryostats and dilution refrigerators | Air Liquide | Documented in these sources | |
| Atom source and photoionisation | Component | Ion trap | Calcium; Ytterbium; Strontium (critical raw material); Beryllium (critical raw material); Magnesium (critical raw material); Barium | Evidence gap in these sources Evidence gap in these sources, not a finding of dependency. | |
| Beryllium | Material | Atom source and photoionisation | Evidence gap in these sources Evidence gap in these sources, not a finding of dependency. | ||
| Vacuum chamber with optical windows | Component | Ultra-high-vacuum system | Evidence gap in these sources Evidence gap in these sources, not a finding of dependency. | ||
| Laser and optical control | Subsystem | Trapped ions | AA Opto-Electronic; Gooch & Housego; Hamamatsu Photonics A/S (formerly NKT Photonics); Novacene Photonics; Schäfter+Kirchhoff; TOPTICA Photonics; VEXLUM | Documented in these sources | |
| Lasers at the atomic transition wavelengths | Component | Laser and optical control | Hamamatsu Photonics A/S (formerly NKT Photonics); Novacene Photonics; TOPTICA Photonics; VEXLUM | Documented in these sources | |
| Acousto-optic modulators | Component | Laser and optical control | AA Opto-Electronic; Gooch & Housego; Schäfter+Kirchhoff | Documented in these sources | |
| Integrated light delivery | Component | Laser and optical control | Evidence gap in these sources Evidence gap in these sources, not a finding of dependency. | ||
| State detection | Subsystem | Trapped ions | Andor; LASER COMPONENTS; Single Quantum | Documented in these sources | |
| Atomic register and vacuum system | Subsystem | Neutral atoms | Edwards Vacuum; Leybold; Pfeiffer Vacuum; SAES Getters; Schäfter+Kirchhoff | Documented in these sources | |
| Magneto-optical trap | Component | Atomic register and vacuum system | Schäfter+Kirchhoff | Documented in these sources | |
| Optical tweezer array | Subsystem | Neutral atoms | AA Opto-Electronic; asphericon; Gooch & Housego; Hamamatsu Photonics A/S (formerly NKT Photonics); HOLOEYE Photonics | Documented in these sources | |
| Trapping laser | Component | Optical tweezer array | Hamamatsu Photonics A/S (formerly NKT Photonics) | Documented in these sources | |
| Processing lasers | Subsystem | Neutral atoms | AA Opto-Electronic; Exail; Gooch & Housego; Novacene Photonics; QUBIG; Schäfter+Kirchhoff; TOPTICA Photonics; VEXLUM | Documented in these sources | |
| Raman and Rydberg lasers | Component | Processing lasers | Exail; Novacene Photonics; TOPTICA Photonics; VEXLUM | Documented in these sources | |
| Acousto- and electro-optic modulators | Component | Processing lasers | AA Opto-Electronic; Exail; Gooch & Housego; QUBIG; Schäfter+Kirchhoff | Documented in these sources | |
| Parametric photon-pair sources | Component | Photon sources | Potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP) | Covesion | Documented in these sources |
| Quantum-dot single-photon sources | Component | Photon sources | Aegiq; Quandela; Sparrow Quantum | Documented in these sources | |
| Integrated photonic circuits | Subsystem | Photonic | Exail; FEMTOprint; LIGENTEC; LioniX International; QuiX Quantum | Documented in these sources | |
| Waveguide material platforms | Component | Integrated photonic circuits | Lithium niobate (critical raw material); Silicon (critical raw material); Glass for laser-written waveguides | FEMTOprint; LIGENTEC; LioniX International | Documented in these sources |
| Glass for laser-written waveguides | Material | Waveguide material platforms | FEMTOprint | Documented in these sources | |
| Interferometers, phase shifters and couplers | Component | Integrated photonic circuits | QuiX Quantum | Documented in these sources | |
| Single-photon detectors | Subsystem | Photonic | AUREA Technology; ID Quantique; LASER COMPONENTS; Micro Photon Devices; PicoQuant; Pixel Photonics; qutools; Single Quantum; Swabian Instruments | Documented in these sources | |
| Superconducting nanowire detectors | Component | Single-photon detectors | ID Quantique; Pixel Photonics; Single Quantum | Documented in these sources | |
| Gain-switched laser diodes | Component | Transmitter | Evidence gap in these sources Evidence gap in these sources, not a finding of dependency. | ||
| Amplitude and phase modulators | Component | Transmitter | Exail; QUBIG | Documented in these sources | |
| Receiver | Subsystem | Quantum key distribution systems | AUREA Technology; FEMTO; ID Quantique; Single Quantum | Documented in these sources | |
| Single-photon detectors | Component | Receiver | Indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs) (critical raw material) | AUREA Technology; ID Quantique; Single Quantum | Documented in these sources |
| Alkali vapour cell sensors | Subsystem | Quantum sensors and atomic clocks | Cerca Magnetics; MAG4Health; QSENSATO; Safran Navigation & Timing | Documented in these sources | |
| Chip-scale atomic clock physics packages | Component | Alkali vapour cell sensors | Evidence gap in these sources Evidence gap in these sources, not a finding of dependency. | ||
| Optically pumped magnetometer sensor heads | Component | Alkali vapour cell sensors | Cerca Magnetics; MAG4Health | Documented in these sources | |
| Cold-atom inertial and gravity sensors | Subsystem | Quantum sensors and atomic clocks | Aquark Technologies; Edwards Vacuum; Exail; Schäfter+Kirchhoff | Documented in these sources | |
| Lasers for atomic sensors | Subsystem | Quantum sensors and atomic clocks | Exail; Hamamatsu Photonics A/S (formerly NKT Photonics); HÜBNER Photonics; Menlo Systems; Novacene Photonics; Sacher Lasertechnik; TOPTICA Photonics; VEXLUM | Documented in these sources | |
| Narrow-linewidth and frequency-doubled lasers | Component | Lasers for atomic sensors | Exail; Hamamatsu Photonics A/S (formerly NKT Photonics); HÜBNER Photonics; Menlo Systems; Novacene Photonics; Sacher Lasertechnik; TOPTICA Photonics; VEXLUM | Documented in these sources | |
| Alkali vapour cells and cold-atom sources | Component | Storage media | Rubidium and caesium | SAES Getters | Documented in these sources |
| Control lasers and frequency references | Subsystem | Quantum memories for networks | Hamamatsu Photonics A/S (formerly NKT Photonics); Menlo Systems | Documented in these sources | |
| Narrow-linewidth lasers | Component | Control lasers and frequency references | Hamamatsu Photonics A/S (formerly NKT Photonics); Menlo Systems | Documented in these sources | |
| Single-photon detectors | Component | Single-photon detection and frequency conversion | Single Quantum | Documented in these sources | |
| Frequency converters | Component | Single-photon detection and frequency conversion | Covesion; QphoX | Documented in these sources | |
| Packaged memory modules | Subsystem | Quantum memories for networks | Welinq | Documented in these sources | |
| Josephson parametric amplifiers | Component | Readout amplifier chain | Arctic Instruments; Silent Waves | Documented in these sources | |
| Room-temperature control electronics | Subsystem | Superconducting circuits | Basel Precision Instruments; Intermodulation Products; Qblox; SemiQon; Spectrum Instrumentation; Zurich Instruments | Documented in these sources | |
| Waveform generators and microwave sources | Component | Room-temperature control electronics | Intermodulation Products; Qblox; Spectrum Instrumentation; Zurich Instruments | Documented in these sources | |
| Control electronics and computing | Subsystem | Neutral atoms | Spectrum Instrumentation | Documented in these sources | |
| Synthesisers and waveform generators | Component | Control electronics and computing | Spectrum Instrumentation | Documented in these sources | |
| Superconducting metal films | Component | Qubit chip | Aluminium (critical raw material); Niobium (critical raw material); Tantalum (critical raw material) | Evidence gap in these sources Evidence gap in these sources, not a finding of dependency. | |
| Silicon | Material | Waveguide material platforms | Evidence gap in these sources Evidence gap in these sources, not a finding of dependency. | ||
| Semiconductor host material | Subsystem | Spin qubits in semiconductors | SemiQon; Urenco | Documented in these sources | |
| Isotopically enriched silicon-28 | Material | Silicon structures (Si/SiGe and Si-MOS) | Urenco | Documented in these sources | |
| Gallium arsenide heterostructures | Component | Semiconductor host material | Gallium (critical raw material); Arsenic (critical raw material) | Evidence gap in these sources Evidence gap in these sources, not a finding of dependency. |
Supply-chain parts and critical raw materials
From the parts tree: a reference structure of what each technology needs, down to materials, compiled from public review articles and EU law. It is not a supplier assessment.
Parts whose name or description these keywords match:
- Dilution refrigerator
- Pulse-tube cryocooler
- Cryogenic signal lines
- Readout amplifier chain
- Ultra-high-vacuum system
- Cryogenic trap environment
- Superconducting nanowire detectors
- Detector cryostat
- Rare-earth-doped crystals
- Cryogenics
- Closed-cycle cryostats and dilution refrigerators
- Helium-3 and helium-4
- Atom source and photoionisation
- Beryllium
- Vacuum chamber with optical windows
- Laser and optical control
- Lasers at the atomic transition wavelengths
- Acousto-optic modulators
- Integrated light delivery
- State detection
And 41 more parts in the parts tree.
Parts tree of quantum technologies
Critical raw materials as listed in Annex II of the Critical Raw Materials Act (Regulation (EU) 2024/1252).
Actors by role
Organisations with a documented relationship to this technology: a product line on the company’s own product page, the host or programme the infrastructure catalogue names for a facility, or the operator of an access route. Each row names its source and the date it was read. Roles are never inferred from taking part in the same project or patent.
| Role | Actors | State | Where |
|---|---|---|---|
| Manufacturer or supplier of a part | 67 | Documented in these sources | 67 organisations in the table below. |
| Host, operator or access provider | 8 | Documented in these sources | 8 organisations in the table below. |
| Funder or programme | 2 | Documented in these sources | 2 organisations in the table below. |
| Researcher or developer | 102 | Documented in these sources | Organisations confirmed under this technology by the classification; listed in “Organisations and companies” below. Participants in EU-funded projects are counted per pillar in technology intelligence. |
| User | 0 | No evidence found in these sources | These sources record no user of this technology. |
| Organisation | Role | Country | Relationship | Stages | Source and date read |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AA Opto-Electronic | Manufacturer or supplier of a part | FR | High Resolution Deflectors (acousto-optic deflectors for addressing individual qubits) | Optical tweezer array | Source (read 2026-10-26) |
| AA Opto-Electronic | Manufacturer or supplier of a part | FR | Modulators & Fixed Frequency Shifters (acousto-optic modulators for qubit control) | Acousto-optic modulators; Acousto- and electro-optic modulators | Source (read 2026-10-26) |
| Aegiq | Manufacturer or supplier of a part | GB | Quantum light sources (SPS1550, EPS1550) (quantum-dot single-photon and entangled-photon sources) | Quantum-dot single-photon sources | Source (read 2026-10-26) |
| Air Liquide | Manufacturer or supplier of a part | FR | Helium-3 He3 (helium-3 gas supply for dilution refrigerators of quantum computers) | Helium-3 and helium-4 | Source (read 2026-10-26) |
| Andor | Manufacturer or supplier of a part | GB | iXon Ultra Blue 888 EMCCD (EMCCD camera for ion trap quantum computing research) | State detection | Source (read 2026-10-26) |
| Aquark Technologies | Manufacturer or supplier of a part | GB | AQuest (portable cold-atom source that traps atoms without a magnetic field) | Cold-atom inertial and gravity sensors | Source (read 2026-10-26) |
| Arctic Instruments | Manufacturer or supplier of a part | FI | AI-TWPA-C (travelling-wave parametric amplifier for qubit readout) | Josephson parametric amplifiers | Source (read 2026-10-26) |
| asphericon | Manufacturer or supplier of a part | DE | Aspheres for a fluorescence microscope (custom high-numerical-aperture asphere objective, usable in ultra-high vacuum, for imaging single cold atoms) | Optical tweezer array | Source (read 2026-10-30) |
| attocube | Manufacturer or supplier of a part | DE | attoDRY (closed-cycle cryostats) | Closed-cycle cryostats and dilution refrigerators | Source (read 2026-10-26) Partly verified: the page does not state the quantum use. |
| AUREA Technology | Manufacturer or supplier of a part | FR | NIR Single Photon Detector (near-infrared single-photon detector modules for quantum communication) | Single-photon detectors | Source (read 2026-10-26) |
| AUREA Technology | Manufacturer or supplier of a part | FR | SPD_OEM_NIR, SPD_SLIM_NIR and GIGAXEA (InGaAs/InP single-photon detectors for QKD and quantum networks) | Single-photon detectors; Receiver; Single-photon detectors | Source (read 2026-10-30) |
| Basel Precision Instruments | Manufacturer or supplier of a part | CH | LNHR DAC IIa (low-noise multichannel DC voltage source for gates at cryogenic temperatures) | Room-temperature control electronics | Source (read 2026-10-26) Partly verified: the page does not state the quantum use. |
| Basel Precision Instruments | Manufacturer or supplier of a part | CH | Microwave Filter & Thermalizer (cryogenic microwave filters and thermalisers) | Cryogenic signal lines | Source (read 2026-10-26) Partly verified: the page does not state the quantum use. |
| Bluefors | Manufacturer or supplier of a part | FI | Cryomech Pulse Tube Cryocoolers (pulse-tube cryocoolers) | Pulse-tube cryocooler | Source (read 2026-10-26) |
| Bluefors | Manufacturer or supplier of a part | FI | XLDsl, LD, Ultra-Compact LD, SD and LH systems (dilution refrigerator measurement systems for superconducting and spin qubit experiments) | Dilution refrigerator; Closed-cycle cryostats and dilution refrigerators | Source (read 2026-10-26) |
| Cerca Magnetics | Manufacturer or supplier of a part | GB | Cerca OPM-MEG System (optically pumped magnetometer brain-imaging system) | Optically pumped magnetometer sensor heads | Source (read 2026-10-26) |
| Covesion | Manufacturer or supplier of a part | GB | MgO:PPLN (periodically poled lithium niobate crystals and waveguides for photon-pair generation and frequency conversion) | Parametric photon-pair sources; Frequency converters | Source (read 2026-10-26) |
| CryoCoax | Manufacturer or supplier of a part | GB | Cable and Cable Assemblies; High Density Connectors (cryogenic coaxial cables and connectors) | Cryogenic signal lines | Source (read 2026-10-26) Partly verified: the page does not state the quantum use. |
| Delft Circuits | Manufacturer or supplier of a part | NL | Cri/oFlex (flexible multi-channel cryogenic stripline cabling for quantum systems) | Cryogenic signal lines | Source (read 2026-10-26) |
| Edwards Vacuum | Manufacturer or supplier of a part | GB | HyTan NEG-Ion pumps and Gamma Vacuum NEG pumps (combined getter and ion pumps for ultra-high vacuum) | Ultra-high-vacuum system | Source (read 2026-10-26) Partly verified: the page does not state the quantum use. |
| Entropy | Manufacturer or supplier of a part | DE | Dilution, ADR and closed-cycle cryostats (dilution refrigerator, ADR and closed-cycle cryostats) | Closed-cycle cryostats and dilution refrigerators | Source (read 2026-10-26) Partly verified: the page does not state the quantum use. |
| Exail | Manufacturer or supplier of a part | FR | Absolute Quantum Gravimeter (AQG) (cold-atom interferometry gravimeters) | Cold-atom inertial and gravity sensors | Source (read 2026-10-26) |
| Exail | Manufacturer or supplier of a part | FR | Intelligent Laser System (frequency-stabilised lasers for atom cooling and manipulation) | Raman and Rydberg lasers; Narrow-linewidth and frequency-doubled lasers | Source (read 2026-10-26) |
| Exail | Manufacturer or supplier of a part | FR | Lithium niobate electro-optic modulators (phase, amplitude and IQ modulators for quantum communication and atom manipulation) | Acousto- and electro-optic modulators; Amplitude and phase modulators | Source (read 2026-10-26) |
| FEMTO | Manufacturer or supplier of a part | DE | Balanced photoreceivers (OE-200-BPR, HBPR) (balanced photoreceivers of the kind used in homodyne detection) | Receiver | Source (read 2026-10-30) Partly verified: the page does not state the quantum use. |
| FEMTOprint | Manufacturer or supplier of a part | CH | Photonic connectivity (laser-written three-dimensional waveguides in glass coupling ion traps to fibres and photonic chips) | Glass for laser-written waveguides | Source (read 2026-10-30) |
| Gooch & Housego | Manufacturer or supplier of a part | GB | AODF 4085 and Fiber-Q (acousto-optic deflectors and fibre-coupled acousto-optic modulators for quantum computing) | Acousto-optic modulators; Acousto- and electro-optic modulators | Source (read 2026-10-26) |
| Hamamatsu Photonics A/S (formerly NKT Photonics) | Manufacturer or supplier of a part | DK | Koheras (single-frequency fibre lasers and amplifiers for atom trapping, cooling and quantum information) | Lasers at the atomic transition wavelengths; Narrow-linewidth and frequency-doubled lasers; Narrow-linewidth lasers | Source (read 2026-10-26) |
| Hamamatsu Photonics A/S (formerly NKT Photonics) | Manufacturer or supplier of a part | DK | Koheras BOOSTIK HP (high-power single-frequency fibre amplifier recommended for atom trapping and cooling) | Trapping laser | Source (read 2026-10-30) |
| HOLOEYE Photonics | Manufacturer or supplier of a part | DE | PLUTO-2.1 LCOS Spatial Light Modulator (phase-only spatial light modulator) | Optical tweezer array | Source (read 2026-10-26) Partly verified: the page does not state the quantum use. |
| HÜBNER Photonics | Manufacturer or supplier of a part | DE | C-WAVE Series (widely tunable single-frequency CW lasers for colour-centre research and quantum technologies) | Narrow-linewidth and frequency-doubled lasers | Source (read 2026-10-26) |
| ICEoxford | Manufacturer or supplier of a part | GB | Dilution Dry Systems and Dilution Wet Systems (dilution cryostats) | Closed-cycle cryostats and dilution refrigerators | Source (read 2026-10-26) Partly verified: the page does not state the quantum use. |
| ID Quantique | Manufacturer or supplier of a part | CH | ID Qube Series (InGaAs/InP single-photon avalanche detectors) | Single-photon detectors; Receiver; Single-photon detectors | Source (read 2026-10-26) |
| ID Quantique | Manufacturer or supplier of a part | CH | ID1000 Time Controller Series (time controller for single-photon detection systems) | Single-photon detectors | Source (read 2026-10-26) |
| ID Quantique | Manufacturer or supplier of a part | CH | ID281 SNSPD System (superconducting nanowire single-photon detector systems for quantum networks and computers) | Superconducting nanowire detectors; Single-photon detectors | Source (read 2026-10-26) |
| Intermodulation Products | Manufacturer or supplier of a part | SE | Presto (microwave waveform generator and analyser for qubit control and readout) | Waveform generators and microwave sources | Source (read 2026-10-26) |
| kiutra | Manufacturer or supplier of a part | DE | L-Type Rapid (adiabatic demagnetisation (ADR) sub-kelvin cryostat for quantum computing and cryo-electronics) | Closed-cycle cryostats and dilution refrigerators | Source (read 2026-10-26) |
| kiutra | Manufacturer or supplier of a part | DE | T-Type Optical (4 K optical cryostat for trapped-ion quantum computing) | Cryogenic trap environment | Source (read 2026-10-26) |
| LASER COMPONENTS | Manufacturer or supplier of a part | DE | COUNT (silicon APD single-photon counting modules) | State detection; Single-photon detectors | Source (read 2026-10-26) |
| Leiden Cryogenics | Manufacturer or supplier of a part | NL | CF-CS110 and QUPER dilution refrigerators (dilution refrigerators, including a fast-turnaround inverted unit for qubit testing) | Closed-cycle cryostats and dilution refrigerators | Source (read 2026-10-30) |
And 65 more documented actors in the supplier directory.
Organisations and companies
102 confirmed items. Including suggestions by rules or AI, not yet reviewed and not listed here: 165.
- Toptica Photonics Se Company brief for investors: Toptica Photonics Se
- Universiteit Leiden
- Universiteit Twente
- Quantware B.v. Company brief for investors: Quantware B.v.
- Single Quantum BV Company brief for investors: Single Quantum BV
See all 102: Organisations and companies · Companies of Enabling technologies and supply chain in the investor screener
Facilities and access
Facilities of this technology in the infrastructure catalogue, the furthest milestone the deployment tracker evidences for each, and the current access routes that open them.
Documented in these sources: 8 facilities.
| Facility | Kind | Country | Host | Status | Furthest evidenced milestone | Access routes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Qu-Test | Testbed network | EU-wide or cross-border | Coordinated by TNO | Project period ended, per the source | Accepting access applications | No current access route recorded |
| Qu-Pilot | Pilot line network | EU-wide or cross-border | Coordinated by VTT; 21 partners from 9 European countries | Project period ended, per the source | Accepting access applications | No current access route recorded |
| SUPREME | Pilot line network | EU-wide or cross-border | Coordinated by Teknologian tutkimuskeskus VTT Oy; 23 participants | Project | Funded or agreement signed | No current access route recorded |
| P4Q | Pilot line network | EU-wide or cross-border | Coordinated by Universiteit Twente; 29 participants | Project | Funded or agreement signed | No current access route recorded |
| SPINS | Pilot line network | EU-wide or cross-border | Coordinated by Interuniversitair Micro-Electronica Centrum (imec); 25 participants | Project | Not in the deployment tracker | No current access route recorded |
| DIREQT | Pilot line network | EU-wide or cross-border | Coordinated by Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); 31 participants | Project | Funded or agreement signed | No current access route recorded |
| Q-PLANET | Pilot line network | EU-wide or cross-border | Coordinated by Pasqal; 30 participants | Project | Funded or agreement signed | No current access route recorded |
| CHAMP-ION | Pilot line network | EU-wide or cross-border | Coordinated by Silicon Austria Labs (SAL); 21 participants | Project | Not in the deployment tracker | No current access route recorded |
Infrastructure catalogue · Deployment tracker · How to get access
Infrastructure and deployment status
18 confirmed items.
See all 18: Infrastructure and deployment status · Catalogue entries of this pillar · Deployment tracker for this pillar
Funding
Upcoming work-programme topics in this technology (the EU programme pipeline) and the funding instruments whose stated quantum relevance names it. The awards of its EU-funded projects and the announced funding rounds follow below.
Upcoming topics in the programme pipeline
Documented in these sources: 1 upcoming topic (pipeline read 2026-11-01).
- Quantum-Testing Infrastructure for Quantum Technologies
Pipeline topics of Enabling technologies and supply chain
Funding instruments
| Instrument | Programme | Stated quantum relevance | Why it is shown |
|---|---|---|---|
| EIC Accelerator | Horizon Europe: European Innovation Council | The EIC Work Programme 2026 states that the Accelerator Open call remains available to start-ups and SMEs, including for quantum technologies, with specific safeguards on investments in quantum. | Names this technology |
| EIC STEP Scale Up | Horizon Europe: European Innovation Council, Strategic Technologies for Europe Platform (STEP) | Quantum technologies are among the digital and deep-tech priority areas, and the EIC Work Programme 2026 says support for quantum start-ups will be pursued in particular through this call. | Names this technology |
| EuroHPC JU quantum technology calls (Quantum Flagship) | Horizon Europe: Quantum Flagship, implemented by the EuroHPC JU | Since Council Regulation (EU) 2026/150 entered into force on 20 January 2026, the JU implements the Union's quantum technology agenda, including the Quantum Flagship funded through Horizon Europe, and its 2026 calls cover quantum computing platforms, QKD, testing infrastructure, pilot lines, sensing, machine learning and standards. | Names this technology |
| Chips JU quantum actions (Chips for Europe Initiative) | Chips for Europe Initiative: Horizon Europe and Digital Europe Programme | The Chips for Europe Initiative includes dedicated quantum actions: building capacity for quantum chips, design libraries, dedicated pilots and testing facilities, from superconducting circuits to photonic, neutral-atom and ion-trap chips. | Names this technology |
6 more instruments are open to any field of research and are not listed here.
EU and national projects
262 confirmed items. Including suggestions by rules or AI, not yet reviewed and not listed here: 337.
| Measure | Total | Projects with an amount | Projects without one |
|---|---|---|---|
| EU contribution (maximum grant agreed) | EUR 155,635,326.05 | 47 | 0 |
| Total cost (includes the award) | EUR 216,022,033.67 | 35 | 0 |
| Measure | Total | Projects with an amount | Projects without one |
|---|---|---|---|
| award value (Gateway to Research) | GBP 40,190,090 | 69 | 0 |
| ANR aid allocated | EUR 6,279,817.41 | 14 | 0 |
| funded amount | SEK 19,301,141 | 8 | 0 |
| approved FWF funding | EUR 2,215,574 | 5 | 0 |
| funded amount | EUR 1,531,842.40 | 5 | 0 |
| NWO award amount | EUR 2,134,996 | 4 | 0 |
| total eligible expenditure | EUR 1,119,637.49 | 2 | 0 |
| aid allocated (France 2030, operated by the ANR) | EUR 2,200,000 | 1 | 0 |
| NWO award amount | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| approved total costs | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| award value (Gateway to Research) | 0 | 0 | 38 |
| current total commitment | 0 | 0 | 4 |
| funded amount | 0 | 0 | 39 |
| total awarded | 0 | 0 | 4 |
Each project counts once. A total adds the amount each source states for its projects within one measure and one currency only: EU contributions, national awards and other measures are never added together. Total cost includes the award and is shown separately. A country filter keeps whole projects with a participant in the country, so its total is not the country's share. Programme envelopes, partner shares, co-funding and payments are separate layers and are never added to awards; payments are not published by the sources used. Outputs are linked only through an explicit project or grant identifier or reviewed documentary evidence, never by name alone; only a reviewed document can show a demonstrated contribution. CORDIS and Funding & Tenders amounts are one measure, the EU contribution (maximum grant agreed in the grant agreement, not payments). Country codes EL and UK are read as GR (Greece) and GB (United Kingdom). National and regional rows whose title names no quantum technology are left out unless asked for. EU and national totals are shown apart and never added.
Includes projects from the ANR open data: ANR, data.gouv.fr, ODbL 1.0; those rows are shared alike under the Open Database Licence.
11 confirmed project pages have no award record and are not in the totals.
- SUPREME 1: SUPERCONDUCTING EUROPEAN QUANTUM PILOT LINE
- Q-PLANET SGA1: Quantum Pilot Line for production of Advanced chips for Neutral atom European Technologies - Specific Agreement 1
- P4Q: Photonics for Quantum Pilot Line
- QPIC1550: Quantum photonic integrated circuits at 1550 nm
- QLASS: Quantum Glass-based Photonic Integrated Circuits
Funding rounds
22 confirmed items.
- Alice & Bob: Series B, 2025-01-28
- Alice & Bob: Public equity investment (EIC STEP Scale Up), 2026-04-27
- Alice & Bob: Extension or further close, 2026-05-22
- IQM Quantum Computers: Public equity investment (EIC STEP Scale Up), 2025-04-03
- IQM Quantum Computers: Series B, 2025-09-03
See all 22: Funding rounds · Funding rounds tracker of the investor view
Jobs and funding calls
2 confirmed items.
Patents and publications
Patent counts come from EPO Open Patent Services in technology intelligence, by CPC group, and per EPO quantum concept in the technology intelligence reports; publications by OpenAlex topic. The patent series of this node and its documents follow below.
Documented in these sources: 1 indicator page of this technology.
Patent landscape of Enabling technologies and supply chain in technology intelligence · All technology intelligence reports
Patents
No patent series for this node. Enabling technologies (cryogenics, photonics, electronics, materials, software) are classified by what they are, not by their use in quantum technologies, so no CPC group isolates their quantum use.
Standards
Standards, specifications, committees and roadmaps of the standards tracker in the scope of this technology, each with its body and status.
No evidence found in these sources. The standards tracker has no scope for this technology.
9 tracked items are about quantum technologies in general.
Policy measures
Actions of the Quantum Europe Strategy (COM(2025) 363) that name this technology or its pillar, or that link one of its facilities, with their status in the strategy tracker.
Documented in these sources: 5 actions.
| Action | Status | Target | Why it is shown | Where in the strategy |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Establish six quantum pilot lines under the Chips Joint Undertaking | Delivered (evidence) | 2025 | Names this technology | Section 2.3.1 (p. 12) and action list (p. 15); Appendix, Area 3 (p. 23) |
| Launch a quantum design facility | Announced | 2026 | Names this technology | Section 2.3.1 (p. 12) and action list (p. 15); Appendix, Area 3 (p. 23) |
| Release a Quantum Chips Industrialisation Roadmap | Announced | 2026 | Names this technology | Section 2.3.1 (p. 12) and action list (p. 15); Appendix, Area 3 (p. 23) |
| Assess supply-chain vulnerabilities of quantum technologies | In progress (evidence) | 2025-2026 | Names this technology | Section 2.3.4 (p. 14) and action list (p. 15); Appendix, Area 3 (p. 23) |
| A Europe-wide network of open-access quantum testbeds | In progress (evidence) | Names this technology | Section 2.3.2, first measure (p. 12) |
Evidence gaps
Stages of the value chain for which these sources link no documented European actor. Evidence gap in these sources, not a finding of dependency. A company may well supply the stage without a product page the directory has read; a missing record is never proof of a strategic dependency.
Evidence gap in these sources: 11 stages. Evidence gap in these sources, not a finding of dependency.
| Stage | Level | Part of | Platform | Reading |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Detector cryostat | Component | Single-photon detectors | Parts named by this technology | Evidence gap in these sources, not a finding of dependency. |
| Rare-earth-doped crystals | Component | Storage media | Parts named by this technology | Evidence gap in these sources, not a finding of dependency. |
| Atom source and photoionisation | Component | Ion trap | Parts named by this technology | Evidence gap in these sources, not a finding of dependency. |
| Beryllium | Material | Atom source and photoionisation | Parts named by this technology | Evidence gap in these sources, not a finding of dependency. |
| Vacuum chamber with optical windows | Component | Ultra-high-vacuum system | Parts named by this technology | Evidence gap in these sources, not a finding of dependency. |
| Integrated light delivery | Component | Laser and optical control | Parts named by this technology | Evidence gap in these sources, not a finding of dependency. |
| Gain-switched laser diodes | Component | Transmitter | Parts named by this technology | Evidence gap in these sources, not a finding of dependency. |
| Chip-scale atomic clock physics packages | Component | Alkali vapour cell sensors | Parts named by this technology | Evidence gap in these sources, not a finding of dependency. |
| Superconducting metal films | Component | Qubit chip | Parts named by this technology | Evidence gap in these sources, not a finding of dependency. |
| Silicon | Material | Waveguide material platforms | Parts named by this technology | Evidence gap in these sources, not a finding of dependency. |
| Gallium arsenide heterostructures | Component | Semiconductor host material | Parts named by this technology | Evidence gap in these sources, not a finding of dependency. |
Know a European supplier for one of these stages? Tell the editors
Quantum software
33 confirmed items.
Courses and master’s programmes
4 confirmed items. Including suggestions by rules or AI, not yet reviewed and not listed here: 6.
News and events
6 confirmed items. Including suggestions by rules or AI, not yet reviewed and not listed here: 12.
Further reading
- Understanding Quantum Technologies 2025 (Olivier Ezratty, 8th edition, version 8.1 of 30 October 2025, arXiv:2111.15352 (v6), doi:10.48550/arXiv.2111.15352, CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)See Part 2: Computing hardware
- Understanding Quantum Technologies 2026 (Olivier Ezratty, 9th edition, version 9.0 of 17 October 2026 (latest edition))See Part 2: Computing hardware
Olivier Ezratty, Understanding Quantum Technologies (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). Links only; no text of the book is reproduced on this portal.
All technologies · How items are classified · Published classification method · Draft SRIA 2026 chapter: Supply chain and enabling technologies