Technology hub: Spin qubits in semiconductors
Qubits encoded in the spin of electrons or nuclei confined in semiconductor quantum dots or donor atoms.
- Pillar
- Quantum computing and simulation
- Related codes
- Axis in the faceted taxonomy
- Physical platform: Spin qubits in semiconductors (draft — to be completed by the responsible team)
- Validation
- Proposed — not yet validated by an expert
- Sources of the definition
2 sources
- Quantum Flagship: Strategic Research and Industry Agenda (SRIA) for quantum technologies, draft for the second phase of the public consultation; chapter 3, Quantum Sensing & Metrology Roadmap Update 2026 (pp. 75 to 100), chapter 1, Quantum Computing & Simulation Roadmap Update 2026 (pp. 3 to 42) (read 2026-10-29)
- EPO and USPTO: G06N10/40 Physical realisations or architectures of quantum processors or components for manipulating qubits (broader match) (read 2026-10-29)
90 confirmed items. Including suggestions by rules or AI, not yet reviewed: 114. Suggestions are counted, not listed.
At a glance
- EU and national projects: 73
- Organisations and companies: 7
- Funding rounds: 2
- Infrastructure and deployment status: 7
- News and events: 1
Key items: EU and national projects
- QUCUBE: 3D integration technology for silicon spin qubits
- QCEED: Quantum Dot coupling engineering (and dynamic spin decoupling/deep nuclei cooling): 2-dimensional cluster state generation for quantum information processing
- Superspin: Remote Entanglement Between a Superconducting and a Spin Qubit
Key items: Organisations and companies
Expert review sheet of the faceted taxonomy (every value, definition and source)
Overview
The technology atlas of Spin qubits in semiconductors: its value chain, the documented actors by role, facilities, funding, patents and publications, standards and policy measures on one page, each from a source the portal already publishes. Each section says whether these sources document the technology, show an evidence gap or hold nothing about it.
| Section | State in these sources | Records |
|---|---|---|
| Value chain | Documented in these sources | 13 |
| Actors by role | Documented in these sources | 19 |
| Facilities and access | Documented in these sources | 4 |
| Funding | Documented in these sources | 4 |
| Patents and publications | Documented in these sources | 3 |
| Standards | Documented in these sources | 13 |
| Policy measures | Documented in these sources | 6 |
| Evidence gaps | Evidence gap in these sources | 9 |
- Documented in these sources: at least one record of these sources is about this technology.
- Evidence gap in these sources: the parts tree names a stage, but no documented European actor is linked to it here. Evidence gap in these sources, not a finding of dependency.
- No evidence found in these sources: No evidence found in these sources. It means only that these sources hold nothing on it.
Public layer: structure and documented actors only. Actor roles come from typed, dated relationships and are never inferred from shared projects or patents. Supplier assessments of the restricted dependency map are not shown on this public page. No technology readiness level is given.
External context: EPO Observatory: quantum technologies · EPO Deep Tech Finder
Value chain
The stages of this technology in the parts tree, a reference structure from review articles and EU law, with the European companies whose own product page names a product line for the stage or a part under it (the curated supplier directory).
Documented in these sources: 13 stages; 9 stages with an evidence gap.
Spin qubits in semiconductors
| Stage | Level | Part of | Materials | Documented European actors | State |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Semiconductor host material | Subsystem | Spin qubits in semiconductors | SemiQon; Urenco | Documented in these sources | |
| Silicon structures (Si/SiGe and Si-MOS) | Component | Semiconductor host material | Isotopically enriched silicon-28 (critical raw material); Germanium (in silicon-germanium) (critical raw material) | SemiQon; Urenco | Documented in these sources |
| Gallium arsenide heterostructures | Component | Semiconductor host material | Gallium (critical raw material); Arsenic (critical raw material) | Evidence gap in these sources Evidence gap in these sources, not a finding of dependency. | |
| Germanium hole devices | Component | Semiconductor host material | Germanium (critical raw material) | Evidence gap in these sources Evidence gap in these sources, not a finding of dependency. | |
| Phosphorus donors in silicon | Component | Semiconductor host material | Phosphorus (critical raw material) | Evidence gap in these sources Evidence gap in these sources, not a finding of dependency. | |
| Gate electrodes | Subsystem | Spin qubits in semiconductors | Evidence gap in these sources Evidence gap in these sources, not a finding of dependency. | ||
| Overlapping gate layers | Component | Gate electrodes | Aluminium (critical raw material) | Evidence gap in these sources Evidence gap in these sources, not a finding of dependency. | |
| Spin control | Subsystem | Spin qubits in semiconductors | Evidence gap in these sources Evidence gap in these sources, not a finding of dependency. | ||
| Spin resonance striplines | Component | Spin control | Evidence gap in these sources Evidence gap in these sources, not a finding of dependency. | ||
| Micromagnets | Component | Spin control | Cobalt (critical raw material) | Evidence gap in these sources Evidence gap in these sources, not a finding of dependency. | |
| Charge sensing and readout | Subsystem | Spin qubits in semiconductors | Qblox; Stahl-Electronics | Documented in these sources | |
| Point contacts and sensor dots | Component | Charge sensing and readout | Evidence gap in these sources Evidence gap in these sources, not a finding of dependency. | ||
| Radio-frequency reflectometry and gate sensing | Component | Charge sensing and readout | Qblox | Documented in these sources |
Parts tree of Spin qubits in semiconductors · Suppliers of Spin qubits in semiconductors in the supplier directory
Supply-chain parts and critical raw materials
From the parts tree: a reference structure of what each technology needs, down to materials, compiled from public review articles and EU law. It is not a supplier assessment.
- Parts and materials of Spin qubits in semiconductors
Critical raw materials: Isotopically enriched silicon-28; Germanium (in silicon-germanium); Gallium; Arsenic; Germanium; Phosphorus; Aluminium; Cobalt.
Critical raw materials as listed in Annex II of the Critical Raw Materials Act (Regulation (EU) 2024/1252).
Actors by role
Organisations with a documented relationship to this technology: a product line on the company’s own product page, the host or programme the infrastructure catalogue names for a facility, or the operator of an access route. Each row names its source and the date it was read. Roles are never inferred from taking part in the same project or patent.
| Role | Actors | State | Where |
|---|---|---|---|
| Manufacturer or supplier of a part | 4 | Documented in these sources | 4 organisations in the table below. |
| Host, operator or access provider | 4 | Documented in these sources | 4 organisations in the table below. |
| Funder or programme | 3 | Documented in these sources | 3 organisations in the table below. |
| Researcher or developer | 7 | Documented in these sources | Organisations confirmed under this technology by the classification; listed in “Organisations and companies” below. Participants in EU-funded projects are counted per pillar in technology intelligence. |
| User | 0 | No evidence found in these sources | These sources record no user of this technology. |
| Organisation | Role | Country | Relationship | Stages | Source and date read |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Qblox | Manufacturer or supplier of a part | NL | Cluster for spin qubits (control stack with reflectometry-based RF readout for spin qubits) | Radio-frequency reflectometry and gate sensing | Source (read 2026-10-30) |
| SemiQon | Manufacturer or supplier of a part | FI | SemiQit (silicon quantum dot devices) | Silicon structures (Si/SiGe and Si-MOS) | Source (read 2026-10-26) |
| Stahl-Electronics | Manufacturer or supplier of a part | DE | CX-4 (cryogenic low-noise amplifier for low-frequency spin qubit readout) | Charge sensing and readout | Source (read 2026-10-30) |
| Urenco | Manufacturer or supplier of a part | GB | Stable isotopes (high-purity silicon isotopes, which the page links to emerging quantum technologies) | Semiconductor host material; Silicon structures (Si/SiGe and Si-MOS) | Source (read 2026-10-26) Partly verified: the page does not state the quantum use. |
| Coordinated by Interuniversitair Micro-Electronica Centrum (imec); 25 participants | Host, operator or access provider | EU | Hosts SPINS | Source (read 2026-10-21) | |
| Coordinated by VTT; 21 partners from 9 European countries | Host, operator or access provider | EU | Hosts Qu-Pilot | Source (read 2026-10-19) | |
| LuxProvide | Host, operator or access provider | LU | Hosts MeluXina-Q | Source (read 2026-10-23) | |
| SURF, in coordination with QuantumDelta NL | Host, operator or access provider | NL | Hosts EuroSSQ-HPC (EuroHPC quantum computer in the Netherlands) | Source (read 2026-10-23) | |
| Chips JU pilot lines | Funder or programme | Programme of SPINS | Source (read 2026-10-21) | ||
| EuroHPC JU | Funder or programme | Programme of EuroSSQ-HPC (EuroHPC quantum computer in the Netherlands) | Source (read 2026-10-23) | ||
| EuroHPC JU | Funder or programme | Programme of MeluXina-Q | Source (read 2026-10-23) | ||
| Qu-Test and Qu-Pilot | Funder or programme | Programme of Qu-Pilot | Source (read 2026-10-19) |
Organisations and companies
7 confirmed items. Including suggestions by rules or AI, not yet reviewed and not listed here: 15.
- University College Cork - National University of Ireland, Cork
- Qphox BV Company brief for investors: Qphox BV
- Univerzita Palackeho V Olomouci
- Politechnika Wroclawska
- Commissariat A L Energie Atomique et Aux Energies Alternatives
See all 7: Organisations and companies · Companies of Spin qubits in semiconductors in the investor screener
Facilities and access
Facilities of this technology in the infrastructure catalogue, the furthest milestone the deployment tracker evidences for each, and the current access routes that open them.
Documented in these sources: 4 facilities.
| Facility | Kind | Country | Host | Status | Furthest evidenced milestone | Access routes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MeluXina-Q | Quantum computer | Luxembourg | LuxProvide | In procurement, per the EuroHPC JU | Procurement or tender | No current access route recorded |
| EuroSSQ-HPC (EuroHPC quantum computer in the Netherlands) | Quantum computer | Netherlands | SURF, in coordination with QuantumDelta NL | In procurement, per the EuroHPC JU | Procurement or tender | No current access route recorded |
| Qu-Pilot | Pilot line network | EU-wide or cross-border | Coordinated by VTT; 21 partners from 9 European countries | Project period ended, per the source | Accepting access applications | No current access route recorded |
| SPINS | Pilot line network | EU-wide or cross-border | Coordinated by Interuniversitair Micro-Electronica Centrum (imec); 25 participants | Project | Not in the deployment tracker | No current access route recorded |
Infrastructure catalogue · Deployment tracker · How to get access
Infrastructure and deployment status
7 confirmed items.
- EuroSSQ-HPC (EuroHPC quantum computer in the Netherlands)
- MeluXina-Q
- Qu-Pilot
- SPINS
- EuroSSQ-HPC, the EuroHPC quantum computer in the Netherlands
See all 7: Infrastructure and deployment status · Catalogue entries with this technology
Funding
Upcoming work-programme topics in this technology (the EU programme pipeline) and the funding instruments whose stated quantum relevance names it. The awards of its EU-funded projects and the announced funding rounds follow below.
Upcoming topics in the programme pipeline
No evidence found in these sources. No upcoming topic of the pipeline (read 2026-11-01) names this technology.
Pipeline topics of Spin qubits in semiconductors
Funding instruments
| Instrument | Programme | Stated quantum relevance | Why it is shown |
|---|---|---|---|
| EIC Accelerator | Horizon Europe: European Innovation Council | The EIC Work Programme 2026 states that the Accelerator Open call remains available to start-ups and SMEs, including for quantum technologies, with specific safeguards on investments in quantum. | Names its pillar, Quantum computing and simulation |
| EIC STEP Scale Up | Horizon Europe: European Innovation Council, Strategic Technologies for Europe Platform (STEP) | Quantum technologies are among the digital and deep-tech priority areas, and the EIC Work Programme 2026 says support for quantum start-ups will be pursued in particular through this call. | Names its pillar, Quantum computing and simulation |
| EuroHPC JU quantum technology calls (Quantum Flagship) | Horizon Europe: Quantum Flagship, implemented by the EuroHPC JU | Since Council Regulation (EU) 2026/150 entered into force on 20 January 2026, the JU implements the Union's quantum technology agenda, including the Quantum Flagship funded through Horizon Europe, and its 2026 calls cover quantum computing platforms, QKD, testing infrastructure, pilot lines, sensing, machine learning and standards. | Names its pillar, Quantum computing and simulation |
| QuantERA joint transnational calls | QuantERA: network of national research funders with European Commission co-funding | QuantERA is a network of research funders for quantum technologies, and Call 2025 covered quantum phenomena and resources and applied quantum science across communication, computing, simulation, sensing and metrology. | Names its pillar, Quantum computing and simulation |
6 more instruments are open to any field of research and are not listed here.
EU and national projects
73 confirmed items. Including suggestions by rules or AI, not yet reviewed and not listed here: 83.
| Measure | Total | Projects with an amount | Projects without one |
|---|---|---|---|
| EU contribution (maximum grant agreed) | EUR 22,492,274.02 | 7 | 0 |
| Total cost (includes the award) | EUR 21,876,062.50 | 4 | 0 |
| Measure | Total | Projects with an amount | Projects without one |
|---|---|---|---|
| award value (Gateway to Research) | GBP 4,770,462 | 10 | 0 |
| approved FWF funding | EUR 2,998,110 | 6 | 0 |
| ANR aid allocated | EUR 2,060,042.66 | 5 | 0 |
| NWO award amount | EUR 1,368,439 | 3 | 0 |
| funded amount | SEK 300,000 | 1 | 0 |
| total eligible expenditure | EUR 62,650 | 1 | 0 |
| NWO award amount | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| award value (Gateway to Research) | 0 | 0 | 19 |
| current total commitment | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| funded amount | 0 | 0 | 15 |
| total awarded | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Each project counts once. A total adds the amount each source states for its projects within one measure and one currency only: EU contributions, national awards and other measures are never added together. Total cost includes the award and is shown separately. A country filter keeps whole projects with a participant in the country, so its total is not the country's share. Programme envelopes, partner shares, co-funding and payments are separate layers and are never added to awards; payments are not published by the sources used. Outputs are linked only through an explicit project or grant identifier or reviewed documentary evidence, never by name alone; only a reviewed document can show a demonstrated contribution. CORDIS and Funding & Tenders amounts are one measure, the EU contribution (maximum grant agreed in the grant agreement, not payments). Country codes EL and UK are read as GR (Greece) and GB (United Kingdom). National and regional rows whose title names no quantum technology are left out unless asked for. EU and national totals are shown apart and never added.
Includes projects from the ANR open data: ANR, data.gouv.fr, ODbL 1.0; those rows are shared alike under the Open Database Licence.
3 confirmed project pages have no award record and are not in the totals.
- QUCUBE: 3D integration technology for silicon spin qubits
- QCEED: Quantum Dot coupling engineering (and dynamic spin decoupling/deep nuclei cooling): 2-dimensional cluster state generation for quantum information processing
- Superspin: Remote Entanglement Between a Superconducting and a Spin Qubit
- QUIST: Quantum information transfer between hole spins and topological states
- Towards hole spin qubits and Majorana fermions in Germanium
Funding rounds
2 confirmed items.
Patents and publications
Patent counts come from EPO Open Patent Services in technology intelligence, by CPC group, and per EPO quantum concept in the technology intelligence reports; publications by OpenAlex topic. The patent series of this node and its documents follow below.
Documented in these sources: 2 indicator pages of this technology.
OpenAlex topics
Patent landscape of Quantum computing and simulation in technology intelligence · Research output of Spin qubits in semiconductors in the platform comparison · All technology intelligence reports
Patents
No patent series for this node. Its CPC groups (G06N 10/40) are counted in the series of Quantum computing and simulation, together with other families.
Patent landscape of the pillar Quantum computing and simulation in technology intelligence
Standards
Standards, specifications, committees and roadmaps of the standards tracker in the scope of this technology, each with its body and status.
Documented in these sources: 13 tracked items.
| Identifier | Title | Kind | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| CEN/CLC/TR 18202:2025 | Layer model of Quantum Computing | Technical report | Published |
| EAS 18433:2026 | Quantum Computing - High-Level Programming Language | Specification | Published |
| EAS 18434:2026 | Quantum Computing - Roadmap for Post-Processing Software in Space | Specification | Published |
| EAS 18435-1:2026 | Quantum Computing - Hardware Abstraction Layer - Part 1: Descriptions and functional requirements | Specification | Published |
| prEN 18470 (WI JT022006) | Quantum technologies - quantum computing - Hybridization of High-Performance Computing and Quantum Computing | Work item or project | In development |
| prCEN/CLC/TR 18437 (WI JT022005) | Performance benchmarks of quantum computing applications | Work item or project | In development |
| prCEN/CLC/TS 18438-1 (WI JT022007) | Quantum Technologies - Quantum Computing - Cryogenic Solid State Gate-Based Quantum Computing - Part 1: Functional Requirements | Work item or project | In development |
| ISO/IEC 4879:2024 | Information technology — Quantum computing — Vocabulary | Standard | Published |
| IEEE P7131 | Standard for Quantum Computing Performance Metrics & Performance Benchmarking | Work item or project | Withdrawn |
| IEEE P3155 | Standard for Programmable Quantum Simulator | Work item or project | Withdrawn |
| IEEE P3120 | Standard for Quantum Computing Architecture | Work item or project | Withdrawn |
| IEEE P3185 | Standard for Hybrid Quantum-Classical Computing | Work item or project | Withdrawn |
| IEEE P3329 | Standard for Quantum Computing Energy Efficiency | Work item or project | In development |
9 tracked items are about quantum technologies in general.
Policy measures
Actions of the Quantum Europe Strategy (COM(2025) 363) that name this technology or its pillar, or that link one of its facilities, with their status in the strategy tracker.
Documented in these sources: 6 actions.
| Action | Status | Target | Why it is shown | Where in the strategy |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Publish an EU Quantum Computing and Simulation Roadmap | Announced | 2026 | Names its pillar, Quantum computing and simulation | Section 2.2.1, text and action list (p. 7); Appendix, Area 2 (p. 23) |
| Expand the EuroHPC quantum computers | In progress (evidence) | 2026 onwards | Names its pillar, Quantum computing and simulation | Section 2.2.1, action list (p. 7); Appendix, Area 2 (p. 23) |
| Set up a monitoring framework for quantum computing | Announced | 2026 | Names its pillar, Quantum computing and simulation | Section 2.2.1, action list (p. 7); Appendix, Area 2 (p. 23) |
| About 100 error-corrected qubits per system | Announced | By 2030 | Names its pillar, Quantum computing and simulation | Section 2.2.1, text after Table 1 (p. 6) |
| Thousands of error-corrected qubits per platform | Announced | By 2035 | Names its pillar, Quantum computing and simulation | Section 2.2.1, text after Table 1 (p. 6) |
| Establish six quantum pilot lines under the Chips Joint Undertaking | Delivered (evidence) | 2025 | Links a facility of this technology | Section 2.3.1 (p. 12) and action list (p. 15); Appendix, Area 3 (p. 23) |
Evidence gaps
Stages of the value chain for which these sources link no documented European actor. Evidence gap in these sources, not a finding of dependency. A company may well supply the stage without a product page the directory has read; a missing record is never proof of a strategic dependency.
Evidence gap in these sources: 9 stages. Evidence gap in these sources, not a finding of dependency.
| Stage | Level | Part of | Platform | Reading |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gallium arsenide heterostructures | Component | Semiconductor host material | Spin qubits in semiconductors | Evidence gap in these sources, not a finding of dependency. |
| Germanium hole devices | Component | Semiconductor host material | Spin qubits in semiconductors | Evidence gap in these sources, not a finding of dependency. |
| Phosphorus donors in silicon | Component | Semiconductor host material | Spin qubits in semiconductors | Evidence gap in these sources, not a finding of dependency. |
| Gate electrodes | Subsystem | Spin qubits in semiconductors | Spin qubits in semiconductors | Evidence gap in these sources, not a finding of dependency. |
| Overlapping gate layers | Component | Gate electrodes | Spin qubits in semiconductors | Evidence gap in these sources, not a finding of dependency. |
| Spin control | Subsystem | Spin qubits in semiconductors | Spin qubits in semiconductors | Evidence gap in these sources, not a finding of dependency. |
| Spin resonance striplines | Component | Spin control | Spin qubits in semiconductors | Evidence gap in these sources, not a finding of dependency. |
| Micromagnets | Component | Spin control | Spin qubits in semiconductors | Evidence gap in these sources, not a finding of dependency. |
| Point contacts and sensor dots | Component | Charge sensing and readout | Spin qubits in semiconductors | Evidence gap in these sources, not a finding of dependency. |
Know a European supplier for one of these stages? Tell the editors
News and events
1 confirmed item. Including suggestions by rules or AI, not yet reviewed and not listed here: 3.
JRC and EU analysis
Reports and pages of the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre (JRC). Identifiers are those of the JRC Publications Repository; the portal does not reproduce their data.
- EU role in the global quantum race
Policy brief on the global quantum technology landscape: public and private funding, innovation potential and market perspective.
- Future Directions for Quantum Technology in Europe
Background analysis for the Quantum Europe Strategy: companies, patents, publications, supply chains, public funding and venture capital, by sector (communication including QKD, computing including simulation, sensing, and post-quantum cryptography).
- (Dis)Entangling the Future: horizon scanning for emerging technologies and breakthrough innovations in the field of quantum technologies
Horizon scanning of emerging quantum technologies and breakthrough innovations (FUTURINNOV project).
- Patent analysis of selected quantum technologies
Patent applications in the EPO Global Patent Index for quantum computing, quantum key distribution, quantum entanglement and cold atom interferometry, with a discussion of method (EUR 29614 EN).
Further reading
- Understanding Quantum Technologies 2025 (Olivier Ezratty, 8th edition, version 8.1 of 30 October 2025, arXiv:2111.15352 (v6), doi:10.48550/arXiv.2111.15352, CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)See Part 2: Computing hardware; Part 3: Computing software
- Understanding Quantum Technologies 2026 (Olivier Ezratty, 9th edition, version 9.0 of 17 October 2026 (latest edition))See Part 2: Computing hardware; Part 3: Computing software
Olivier Ezratty, Understanding Quantum Technologies (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). Links only; no text of the book is reproduced on this portal.
All technologies · How items are classified · Published classification method · Draft SRIA 2026 chapter: Computing and simulation · Draft SRIA 2026 chapter: Quantum chips